ASTM D3827-92(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and Other Organic Liquids
Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and Other Organic Liquids
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance in the lubrication of gas compressors. It is believed to be a substantial factor in boundary lubrication, where the sudden release of dissolved gas may cause cavitation erosion, or even collapse of the fluid film. In hydraulic and seal oils, gas dissolved at high pressure can cause excessive foaming on release of the pressure. In aviation oils and fuels, the difference in pressure between take-off and cruise altitude can cause foaming in storage vessels and interrupt flow to pumps.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of several common gases in petroleum and synthetic lubricants, fuels, and solvents, at temperatures between 0 and 488 K.
1.2 This test method is limited to systems in which polarity and hydrogen bonding are not strong enough to cause serious deviations from regularity. Specifically excluded are such gases as HCl, NH3, and SO2, and hydroxy liquids such as alcohols, glycols, and water. Estimating the solubility of CO2 in nonhydrocarbons is also specifically excluded.
1.3 Highly aromatic oils such as diphenoxy phenylene ethers violate the stated accuracy above 363 K, at which point the estimate for nitrogen solubility is 43 % higher than the observation.
1.4 Lubricants are given preference in this test method to the extent that certain empirical factors were adjusted to the lubricant data. Estimates for distillate fuels are made from the lubricant estimates by a further set of empirical factors, and are less accurate. Estimates for halogenated solvents are made as if they were hydrocarbons, and are the least accurate of the three.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D3827–92(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and Other
Organic Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3827; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
equilibrium solubility of several common gases in petroleum D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
and synthetic lubricants, fuels, and solvents, at temperatures Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
between 0 and 488 K. D1250 GuideforUseofthePetroleumMeasurementTables
1.2 This test method is limited to systems in which polarity D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
and hydrogen bonding are not strong enough to cause serious Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
deviations from regularity. Specifically excluded are such Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
gases as HCl, NH , and SO , and hydroxy liquids such as D2502 Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Mo-
3 2
alcohols, glycols, and water. Estimating the solubility of CO lecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measure-
in nonhydrocarbons is also specifically excluded. ments
1.3 Highly aromatic oils such as diphenoxy phenylene D2503 Test Method for Relative Molecular Mass (Molecu-
ethers violate the stated accuracy above 363 K, at which point lar Weight) of Hydrocarbons by Thermoelectric Measure-
the estimate for nitrogen solubility is 43% higher than the ment of Vapor Pressure
observation.
3. Terminology
1.4 Lubricants are given preference in this test method to
3.1 Definitions:
the extent that certain empirical factors were adjusted to the
lubricant data. Estimates for distillate fuels are made from the 3.1.1 Bunsen coeffıcient—the solubility of a gas, expressed
as the gas volume reduced to 273 K (32°F) and 0.10 MPa (1
lubricantestimatesbyafurthersetofempiricalfactors,andare
atm), dissolved by one volume of liquid at the specified
lessaccurate.Estimatesforhalogenatedsolventsaremadeasif
theywerehydrocarbons,andaretheleastaccurateofthethree. temperature and 0.10 MPa.
3.1.2 Ostwald coeffıcient—the solubility of a gas, expressed
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. asthevolumeofgasdissolvedpervolumeofliquidwhenboth
areinequilibriumatthespecifiedpartialpressureofgasandat
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the the specified temperature.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.2.1 distillate fuel—a petroleum product having a molecu-
lar weight below 300 g/mol.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.2 halogenated solvent—a partially or fully halogenated
hydrocarbon having a molar volume below 300 mL/mol.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.L0.07 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D3827–92 (2002). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D3827-92R07. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3827–92 (2007)
TABLE 1 Solubility Parameters of Gaseous Solutes
6. Procedure
Gas M d at 298 K Fuel Factor
2 2
6.1 Obtain the value of d for the liquid by the appropriate
He 4 3.35 1.27
one of the following options:
Ne 20 3.87 1.37
6.1.1 Iftheliquidisanonhydrocarbon,obtain d fromTable
H 2 5.52 1.27
2. If it is not listed there, and the structure is known, calculate
N 28 6.04 1.70
Air 29 6.67 1.44
d by the method of Fedors.
CO 28 7.47 1.37
6.1.2 If the liquid is refined petroleum or a synthetic
O 32 7.75 1.28
hydrocarbon, determine r by Test Method D1218 or equiva-
Ar 40 7.71 1.37
CH 16 9.10 1.42
4 lent. If r is 0.885 g/mL or less, calculate d as follows:
Kr 84 10.34 1.37
CO 44 14.81 1.14 d 512.03r17.36 (1)
2 1
6.1.3 If the liquid is refined petroleum or a synthetic
hydrocarbon with r=0.886 g/mL or more, or a nonhydrocar-
3.2.3 solubility parameter—the square root of the internal
bon of unknown structure, determine n by Test Method
D
energy change (heat absorbed minus work done) of vaporiza-
D1218, and calculate as follows:
tion per unit volume of liquid, at 298 K.
d 58.63n 10.96 (2)
1 D
3.2.3.1 Discussion—For gases in Table 1, the liquid is
NOTE 1—Values of d from Table 2 or r are accurate to 60.2 unit, but
hypothetical and the values were calculated from actual solu-
those from n may be in error by as much as 61.0 unit.
bility data. D
3.3 Symbols:
6.1.4 For mixtures of liquids with solubility parameters d ,
a
f . d in volume fractions f , . f, calculate d as follows:
b i a b i 1
d 5f d 1f d .1f d (3)
B = Bunsen coefficient at the specified condition,
1 a a b b i i
r = density of liquid at 288 K (60°F), g/mL,
6.2 Obtain the value of d from Table 1.
r = density of liquid at specified temperature, g/mL,
t
6.3 Calculate the Ostwald coefficient for a lubricant as
G = solubility in mg/k,
follows:
H = Henry’s law constant, MPa,
M = molecular weight of liquid, g/mol, L 5exp 0.0395 d 2d 22.66 1 2273/T 20.303d
@~ ~ ! !~ !
1 2 1
M = molecular weight of gas, g/mol,
20.0241 17.602d ! 15.731] (4)
2 ~
n = refractive index of liquid, sodium D-line at 298 K,
D
6.4 Calculate the Ostwald coefficient for a distillate fuel or
p = partial pressure of gas, MPa,
halogenated solvent as in 6.3, then multiply by the fuel factor
p = vapor pressure of liquid, MPa,
v
from Table 1.
T = specified temperature, K,
6.5 Calculate the Bunsen coefficient as follows:
L = Ostwald coefficient at T,
X = mole fraction of gas in equilibrium solution,
B 52697~p 2 p !L/T (5)
v
d = solubility parameter of liquid, (MPa) ⁄2 ,
2 NOTE 2—For most lubricants, p is less than 10% of p and can be
1 v
d = equivalent solubility parameter of gas, (MPa) ⁄2 , and
neglected.Forfuels,solventsoroilscontaminatedwithsolventsandfuels,
f = volume fraction of component i in a mixture of
i
or at very high temperatures, p is important.
v
liquids.
6.6 For mixtures of gases, calculate the individual Ostwald
4. Summary of Test Method
coefficients as in 6.3, calculate a Bunsen coefficient for each
and add them together.
4.1 The solubility of gases in petroleum and other organic
6.7 For hydrocarbon oils, obtain r as follows:
liquids may be calculated from solubility parameters of t
...
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