ASTM B790/B790M-00(2006)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Aluminum Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other Buried Conduits
Standard Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Aluminum Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other Buried Conduits
ABSTRACT
This practice is intended for the structural design of corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches, and aluminum structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches for use as culverts, storm sewers, and other buried conduits. This practice is for pipe installed in a trench or embankment and subjected to highway, railroad, and aircraft loadings. It must be recognized that buried corrugated aluminum pipes are composite structures made up of the aluminum ring and the soil envelope, and both elements play a vital part in the structural design. Corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches shall be of annular fabrication using riveted seams, or of helical fabrication having a continuous lockseam. Structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches shall be fabricated in separate plates that when assembled at the job site by bolting form the required shape. The design load or pressure on a pipe is comprised of earth load, live load, and impact load. Strength requirements for wall strength, buckling strength, and seam strength may be determined by either the allowable stress design (ASD) method (involves calculation of required wall area and critical buckling stress) or the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method (involves calculation of factored loads, factored thrust, factored resistance, wall resistance, and seam resistance). Requirements for handling and installation rigidity and minimum cover are detailed. Design considerations for deflection, smooth-line pipe, spiral-rib pipe, pipe-arch, pipe materials, soil, minimum spacing, end treatment, abrasive or corrosive conditions, construction and installation, and structural plate arches are provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for the structural design of corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches, and aluminum structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches for use as culverts and storm sewers and other buried conduits. This practice is for pipe installed in a trench or embankment and subjected to highway, railroad, and aircraft loadings. It must be recognized that a buried corrugated aluminum pipe is a composite structure made up of the aluminum ring and the soil envelope, and both elements play a vital part in the structural design of this type of structure.
1.2 Corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches shall be of annular fabrication using riveted seams, or of helical fabrication having a continuous lockseam.
1.3 Structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches are fabricated in separate plates that when assembled at the job site by bolting form the required shape.
1.4 This specification is applicable to design in inch-pound units as Specification B 790 or in SI units as Specification B 790M. Inch-pound units and SI units are not necessarily equivalent. SI units are shown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they are the applicable values when the design is done in accordance with Specification B 790M.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: B790/B790M – 00 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Practice for
Structural Design of Corrugated Aluminum Pipe, Pipe-
Arches, and Arches for Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other
Buried Conduits
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B790/B790M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* for Sewers and Drains
B746/B746M Specification for Corrugated Aluminum Al-
1.1 This practice is intended for the structural design of
loy Structural Plate for Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches,
corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches, and aluminum
and Arches
structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches for use as culverts
B788/B788M Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corru-
andstormsewersandotherburiedconduits.Thispracticeisfor
gated Aluminum Culverts and Storm Sewer Pipe
pipe installed in a trench or embankment and subjected to
B789/B789M Practice for Installing Corrugated Aluminum
highway, railroad, and aircraft loadings. It must be recognized
Structural Plate Pipe for Culverts and Sewers
that a buried corrugated aluminum pipe is a composite struc-
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
ture made up of the aluminum ring and the soil envelope, and
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
both elements play a vital part in the structural design of this
kN-m/m ))
type of structure.
D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
1.2 Corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches shall be of
Place by Sand-Cone Method
annular fabrication using riveted seams, or of helical fabrica-
D2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
tion having a continuous lockseam.
Place by the Rubber Balloon Method
1.3 Structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches are fabri-
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
cated in separate plates that when assembled at the job site by
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
bolting form the required shape.
D2922 TestMethodsforDensityofSoilandSoil-Aggregate
1.4 This specification is applicable to design in inch-pound
in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
units as Specification B790 or in SI units as Specification
D2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the
B790M. Inch-pound units and SI units are not necessarily
Drive-Cylinder Method
equivalent.SIunitsareshowninbracketsinthetextforclarity,
2.2 FAA Standards:
but they are the applicable values when the design is done in
AC No. 150/5320-5B, Advisory Circular, “Airport Drain-
accordance with Specification B790M.
age,” Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Administration, Publication No. SN-050-007-00149-5,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.3 AASHTO Standards:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Specifications for Highway Bridges
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.1 arch, n—a pipe shape that is supported on footings
B745/B745M Specification for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe
and does not have a full metal invert.
3.1.2 bedding, n—the earth or other material on which the
1 pipe is laid consist of a thin layer of important material on top
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on Light
of the in-situ foundation.
Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.08 on
Aluminum Culvert.
Current edition approved March 1, 2006. Published April 2006. Originally
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as B790–00. DOI: Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
10.1520/B0790_B0790M-00R06. on www.astm.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
the ASTM website. Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
B790/B790M – 00 (2006)
3.1.3 haunch, n—the portion of the pipe cross section
R = Factored resistance for each limit state, lbf/ft
f
between the maximum horizontal dimension and the top of the
[kN/m],
bedding.
R = Nominal resistance for each limit state, lbf/ft
n
[kN/m],
3.1.4 invert, n—the lowest portion of the pipe cross section;
s = pipe diameter or span, in. [mm],
also, the bottom portion of the pipe.
S = pipe diameter or span, ft [m],
3.1.5 pipe, n—a conduit having a full circular shape or, in a
SF = safety factor,
general contex, all structure shapes covered by this practice.
SS = required seam strength, lbf/ft [kN/m],
3.1.6 pipe-arch, n—a pipe shape consisting of an approxi-
T = thrust in pipe wall, lbf/ft [kN/m], and
mate semicircular top portion, small radius corners, and large
T = Factored thrust in pipe wall, lbf/ft [kN/m],
f
3 3
radius invert.
W = the unit force derived from 1 ft [m]offill
3 3
material above the pipe, lbf/ft [kN/m ].When the
4. Symbols
actual fill material is not known, use 120 lbf/ft
[19 kN/m ],
4.1 The symbols used in this practice have the following
f = Resistance factor.
significance:
NOTE 1—For pipes meeting B745/B745M, both minimum yield and
2 2
A = required wall area, in. /ft [mm /mm],
minimum tensile strengths are based on the H-32 temper material.
AL = maximum highway design axle load, lbf [N],
d = depth of corrugation, in. [mm], 5. Basis of Design
6 2
E = modulus of elasticity, 10 3 10 lbf/in.
3 5.1 The recommendations presented herein, represent gen-
[69 3 10 MPa],
erally accepted design practice. The design engineer shall,
EL = earth load, lbf/ft [kPa],
however, determine that these recommendations meet particu-
fc = critical buckling stress, lbf/in. [MPa],
lar project needs.
FF = flexibility factor, in./lbf [mm/N],
fu = specified minimum tensile strength,
2 6. Loads
= 31 000 lbf/in. [215 MPa] for corrugated alu-
6.1 The design load or pressure on a pipe is comprised of
minum pipe per B745/B745M using Alclad Alloy
earth load (EL), live load (LL), and impact load (IL). These
3004–H34,
loads are applied as a fluid pressure acting on the pipe
= 27 000 lbf/in. [185 MPa] for corrugated alu-
periphery.
minum pipe per B745/B745M using Alclad Alloy
6.2 For aluminum pipe buried in a trench or in an embank-
3004–H32,
ment on a yielding foundation, loads are defined as follows:
= 35 000 lbf/in. [245 MPa] for 0.100 through
6.2.1 Earth Load—The earth load EL is the weight of the
0.150 inch [2.52 through 3.81 mm] thick alumi-
column of soil directly above the pipe calculated as:
num structural plate per B746/B746M,
= 34 000 lbf/in. [235 MPa] for 0.175 through
EL 5 HW (1)
0.250 inch [4.44 through 6.35 mm] thick alumi-
num structural plate per B746/B746M,
fy = specified minimum yield strength,
= 20 000 lbf/in. [140 MPa] for corrugated alu-
TABLE 1 Sectional Properties of Corrugated Aluminum Sheets
1 1
minum pipe per B745/B745M using Alclad Alloy for Corrugation: 1 ⁄2 by ⁄4 in. [38 by 6.5 mm] (Helical)
3004–H32,
= 24 000 lbf/in. [165 MPa] for all other corru-
gated aluminum pipe and structural plate per
B745/B745M and B746/B746M,
H = depth of fill above top of pipe, ft [m],
H = maximum depth of fill, ft [m],
max
H = minimum depth of fill, ft [m],
min
4 4
I = moment of inertia of corrugation, in. /in. [mm /
mm], see Tables 1-7),
IL = impact load, lbf/ft [kPa],
k = soil stiffness factor—0.22 for good sidefill mate-
rial compacted to 90 % of standard density based
NOTE—Inch-pound dimensions shown in this figure are exact values
on Test Method D698,
used in calculating the section properties. Nominal values for some of
LL = live load, lbf/ft [kPa],
these dimensions are used in other places in this practice.
P = total design load or pressure, lbf/ft [kPa],
Moment of Inertia, Radius of
P = Factored crown pressure, lbf/ft [kPa], Specified Thick- Area of Section A,
−3 4
f
I 3 10 in. /in. Gyration,
2 2
ness, in. [mm] in. /ft [mm /mm]
r = radius of gyration of corrugation, in. [mm], see
[mm /mm] r, in. [mm]
0.048 [1.22] 0.608 [1.287] 0.344 [5.64] 0.0824 [2.093]
Tables 1-7,
0.060 [1.52] 0.761 [1.611] 0.439 [7.19] 0.0832 [2.113]
r = corner radius of pipe-arch, ft [mm],
c
B790/B790M – 00 (2006)
TABLE 2 Sectional Properties of Corrugated Aluminum Sheets
6.2.3 Impact Loads—Loads caused by the impact of mov-
for Corrugation: 2 by ⁄2 in. [51 by 13 mm] (Helical)
ing traffic are important only at low heights of cover. Their
effects have been included in live load pressures in 6.2.2.
7. Design Method
7.1 Strength requirements for wall strength, buckling
strength, and seam strength may be determined by either the
allowable stress design (ASD) method presented in Section 8,
or the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method
presented in Section 9. Additionally, the design considerations
in other paragraphs shall be followed for either design method.
8. Design by ASD Method
8.1 The thrust in the pipe wall shall be checked by three
NOTE—Inch-pound dimensions shown in this figure are exact values
criteria.Eachconsidersthejointfunctionofthealuminumpipe
used in calculating the section properties. Nominal values for some of
and the surrounding soil envelope.
these dimensions are used in other places in this practice.
Moment of Inertia, Radius of 8.1.1 Required Wall Area:
Specified Thick- Area of Section A,
−3 4
I 3 10 in. /in. Gyration,
2 2
ness, in. [mm] in. /ft [mm /mm]
8.1.1.1 Determine the design pressure and ring compression
[mm /mm] r, in. [mm]
thrust in the aluminum pipe wall as follows:
0.048 [1.22] 0.652 [1.380] 1.533 [25.12] 0.1682 [4.272]
0.060 [1.52] 0.815 [1.725] 1.942 [31.82] 0.1690 [4.293]
P 5 EL 1 LL 1 IL (2)
0.075 [1.91] 1.019 [2.157] 2.458 [40.28] 0.1700 [4.318]
0.105 [2.67] 1.428 [3.023] 3.542 [58.04] 0.1725 [4.382]
T 5 PS/2 (3)
8.1.1.2 Determine the required wall cross-sectional area.
The safety factor SF on the wall area is 2.
6.2.2 Live Loads—The live load LL is that portion of the
T~SF!
weight of the vehicle, train, or aircraft moving over the pipe
A 5 (4)
fy
that is distributed through the soil to the pipe.
6.2.2.1 Live Loads Under Highways—Live load pressures
Select from Tables 1-7 a wall thickness equal to or greater
for H20 highway loadings, including impact effects, are as
than the required wall area A.
follows:
Height of Cover, ft [mm] Live Load, lbf/ft [kPa] 8.1.2 Critical Buckling Stress—Checkcorrugationswiththe
required wall area for possible wall buckling. If the critical
1 [300] 1800 [86.2]
buckling stress fc is less than the minimum yield stress fy,
2 [600] 800 [38.3]
recalculate the required wall area using fc instead of fy.
3 [900] 600 [28.7]
4 [1200] 400 [19.2]
r 24E fu ks
5 [1500] 250 [12.0]
If s , then fc 5 fu 2 (5)
ΠS D
6 [1800] 200 [9.6]
k fu 48E r
7 [2100] 175 [8.4]
8 [2400] 100 [4.8]
over 8 [over 2400] neglect [neglect]
r 24E 12E
If s . then fc 5 (6)
Œ
k fu ks
6.2.2.2 Live Loads Under Railways—Live load pressures
S D
r
for E80 railway loadings, including impact effects, are as
follows: 8.1.3 Required Seam Strength:
Height of Cover, ft [mm] Live Load, lbf/ft [kPa]
8.1.3.1 Since a helical lockseam pipe has no longitudinal
seams, this criterion is not valid for this type of pipe.
2 [600] 3800 [181.9]
5 [1500] 2400 [114.9]
8.1.3.2 For pipe fabricated with longitudinal seams (riv-
8 [2400] 1600 [76.6]
eted or bolted) the seam strength shall be sufficient to develop
10 [3000] 1100 [52.7]
the thrust in the pipe wall. The safety factor SF on seam
12 [3600] 800 [38.3]
15 [4500] 600 [28.7]
strength SS is 3. Determine the required seam strength as
20 [6000] 300 [14.4]
follows:
30 [9000] 100 [4.8]
over 30 [over 9000] neglect [neglect]
SS 5 T~SF! (7)
Values for intermediate covers may be interpolated.
6.2.2.3 Live Loads Under Aircraft Runways— Because of 8.1.3.3 Check the ultimate seam strengths shown in Tables
the many different wheel configurations and weights, live load 3 and 4,or Table 5. If the required seam strength exceeds that
pressures for aircraft vary. Such pressures must be determined shown for the aluminum thickness already chosen, use a
for the specific aircraft for which the installation is designed; heavier pipe whose seam strength exceeds the required seam
see the FAA publication “Airport Drainage.” strength.
B790/B790M – 00 (2006)
2 1
TABLE 3 Sectional Properties of Corrugated Aluminum Sheets for Corrugation: 2 ⁄3 by ⁄2 in. [68 by 13 mm] (Helical or Annular)
NOTE—Inch-pound dimensions shown in this figure are exact values used in calculating the section properties. Nominal values for some of these
dimensions are used in other places in this practice.
Ultimate Longitudinal Seam
Strength of Riveted
Area of Moment
Specified Radius of
Sec- of Inertia, Corrugated Aluminum Pipe,
Thick- Gyration,
−3
Pounds [kN] per Foot [metre] of Seam
tion A, l 3 10
ness, in. r,in.
2 4
in. /ft in. /in.
5 3
[mm] [mm] ⁄16-in. [7.94 mm] Rivets ⁄8-in. [9.53 mm] Rivets
2 4
[mm /mm] [mm /mm]
A B A B
Single Double Single Double
0.060 [1.52] 0.775 [1.640] 1.892 [31.00] 0.1712 [4.348] 9000 [131] 14 000 [204] . .
0.075 [1.91] 0.968 [2.049] 2.392 [39.20] 0.1721 [4.371] 9000 [131] 18 000 [263] . .
0.105 [2.67] 1.356 [2.870] 3.425 [56.13] 0.1741 [4.422] . . 15 600 [228] 31 500 [460]
0.135 [3.43] 1.745 [3.694] 4.533 [74.28] 0.1766 [4.486] . . 16 200 [237] 33 000 [482]
0.164 [4.17] 2.130 [4.509] 5.725 [93.82] 0.1795 [4.559] . . 16 800 [245] 34 000 [496]
A
Single means one row of rivets, one rivet per corrugation.
B
Double means two rows of rivets, one rivet per corrugation per row.
TABLE 4 Sectional Properties of Corrugated Aluminum Sheets for Corrugation: 3 by 1 in. [75 by 25 mm] (Helical or Annular)
NOTE—Inch-pound dimensions shown in this figure are exact values used in calculating the section properties. Nominal values for some of these
dimensions are used for other places in this practice.
Ultimate Longitudinal
...
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