ASTM D1577-07(2012)

Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Option A for bundle weighing of Test Method D1577 is used in the trade for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Option B for single-fiber weighing and Option C for the vibroscope may be used for acceptance testing (see Section 37); however, caution is advised when using Option B or Option C because between-laboratory precision information is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 4.1.1 may be advisable.
In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1577 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of samples that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. These samples should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either the cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that material with consideration to the known bias.
Option A for bundle weighing is generally considered to be the referee procedure for acceptance testing.
Option A is not recommended for measurement of linear density of blends of production fibers having different nominal linear densities.
The accuracy of the linear density values obtained by Options A and B is dependent upon the accuracy with which the fibers can be cut and weighed.
Note 2—On short staple fiber, an accuracy in cutting of 1.0 % is difficult to obtain. This problem is further complicated if crimp is present in the fibers.
The accuracy of weighing ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments. Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options and sections are listed below.
  OptionSections     AFiber Bundle Weighing 7-15  BSingle-Fiber Weighing16-23  CVibroscope, General24-30  35 and 36   C1Uncrimped Fibers31 and 32   C2Crimped Fibers33 and 34   Precision and Bias37 and 38  
Note 1—For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test Method D1059. For cotton linear density, refer to Test Methods D1769and . For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D1282, D2130 and .  
1.2 The crimp, taper and cross-sectional shape of the fiber may influence the linear density measured by single-fiber weighing and vibroscope.
1.3 These test methods measure the linear density of fibers with moisture in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. The fiber moisture under these conditions is not necessarily the same as the commercial moisture regain for the fibers.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2012
• ICS: 59.060.01 - Textile fibres in general
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1577 − 07 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Methods for
Linear Density of Textile Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per
unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments.
2. Referenced Documents
Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications
for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and sections are listed below.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Option Sections
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
A—Fiber Bundle Weighing 7–15
B—Single-Fiber Weighing 16–23
Length Specimens (Withdrawn 2010)
C—Vibroscope, General 24–30
D1282 Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indica-
35 and 36
tion ofAverage Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver,
C1—Uncrimped Fibers 31 and 32
C2—Crimped Fibers 33 and 34
and Scoured Wool
Precision and Bias 37 and 38
D1769 Test Method for Linear Density of Cotton Fibers
NOTE 1—For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test
(Array Sample) (Withdrawn 1988)
MethodD1059.Forcottonlineardensity,refertoTestMethodsD1769and
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2480. For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D1282,
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
D2130 and D3510.
ber) by the Skein Method
1.2 The crimp, taper and cross-sectional shape of the fiber
D2130 Test Method for Diameter ofWool and OtherAnimal
may influence the linear density measured by single-fiber
Fibers by Microprojection
weighing and vibroscope.
D2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
1.3 These test methods measure the linear density of fibers
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
with moisture in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for
D2480 Test Method for Maturity Index and Linear Density
testingtextiles.Thefibermoistureundertheseconditionsisnot
of Cotton Fibers by the Causticaire Method (Withdrawn
necessarily the same as the commercial moisture regain for the
1992)
fibers.
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in drawn 2008)
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
D3510 Test Method for Diameter ofWool and OtherAnimal
specification.
Fibers by Image Analyzer (Withdrawn 1986)
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Fibers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1577 – 07. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D1577-07R12. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1577 − 07 (2012)
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts: 4.5 OptionsAand B are fundamental procedures which are
TEX-PAC used to standardize the vibroscope equipment used in Options
C1 and C2.
3. Terminology
4.6 Test Method Options B and C are most useful for the
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
measurement of linear density of single fibers when further
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
tests upon the same test specimen are required, for example,
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
tension tests and adjustment of the data obtained for the linear
effective fiber length, fundamental resonant frequency, linear
density of the test specimen. These options offer advantages in
density for fiber and yarn, tex.
accuracy and ease of operations over calculation from specific
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
gravity and microscopically measured cross-sectional area.
Terminology D123.
4.7 AdditionalinformationspecifictoOptionCisinSection
26.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 OptionAfor bundle weighing of Test Method D1577 is
5. Sampling
used in the trade for acceptance testing of commercial ship-
ments.OptionBforsingle-fiberweighingandOptionCforthe
5.1 Lot Sampling—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
vibroscope may be used for acceptance testing (see Section
take at random the number of shipping containers directed in
37); however, caution is advised when using Option B or
the applicable material specification or other agreement be-
Option C because between-laboratory precision information is
tween the purchaser and supplier, such as an agreement to use
incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 4.1.1 may be
Practice D3333 or Practice D2258, as applicable. Consider
advisable.
shipping containers to be the primary sampling units.
4.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reported
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
test results when using Test Method D1577 for acceptance
purchaser or supplier requires taking into account the variability between
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
shipping units, between packages, ends or other laboratory sampling unit
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
within a shipping unit if applicable, and within specimens from a single
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
package, end or other laboratory sampling unit to provide a sampling plan
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality
level, and limiting quantity level.
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of samples
that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of
5.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
material of the type in question. These samples should then be
tance testing, take at random from each shipping container in
randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
the lot sample the number of laboratory sampling units as
testing.Theaverageresultsfromthetwolaboratoriesshouldbe
directed in an applicable material specification or other agree-
compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and a
ment between purchaser and supplier such as an agreement to
probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is
use Practice D3333 or Practice D2258, as applicable.
begun. If a bias is found, either the cause must be found and
Preferably, the same number of laboratory sampling units are
corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to
taken from each shipping container in the lot sample. If
interpret future test results for that material with consideration
differing numbers of laboratory sampling units are to be taken
to the known bias.
from shipping containers in the lot sample, determine at
4.2 OptionAfor bundle weighing is generally considered to
random which shipping containers are to have each number of
be the referee procedure for acceptance testing.
laboratory units drawn.
4.3 OptionAisnotrecommendedformeasurementoflinear 5.2.1 For staple fiber—Take 50-g samples from laboratory
density of blends of production fibers having different nominal sampling units.
linear densities.
5.2.2 For sliver (or top) or tow—Take a metre (yard) from
the leading end which has a clean, uniform appearance.
4.4 The accuracy of the linear density values obtained by
Options A and B is dependent upon the accuracy with which
5.2.3 For yarns—Prepareatleasta50-m(50-yd)skeinfrom
the fibers can be cut and weighed. each package.
NOTE 2—On short staple fiber, an accuracy in cutting of 1.0 % is
6. Conditioning
difficult to obtain. This problem is further complicated if crimp is present
in the fibers.
6.1 Condition the laboratory samples as directed in Practice
4.4.1 The accuracy of weighing can be controlled by the
D1776.
number of fibers composing the bundle. However, with short
fiber of low linear density the number of fibers to be counted
OPTION A—FIBER BUNDLE WEIGHING
becomes prohibitive unless the bundle mass is kept low.
7. Scope
4 7.1 This test method option covers the measurement of the
PC Programs on floppy disk are available through ASTM. For a 3 ⁄2 in disk
request PCN: 12-429040-18. average linear density of textile fibers by cutting and weighing.
D1577 − 07 (2012)
8. Summary of Test Method 11.2 Select tufts or bundles of fibers containing a sufficient
number of fibers to weigh between 0.5 and 7.5 mg when cut to
8.1 Average linear density, in tex or denier units, of single
the specified length. If fibers from yarns are to be tested,
fibers in a bundle is calculated from mass and length measure-
carefully remove twist before taking specimens.
ments on the bundle and the number of single fibers in the
bundle.
NOTE 4—Atuft of fibers less than 50 mm in length and below 1 tex (9
denier) in nominal linear density will contain 500 to 1000 fibers. The
numberoflongerorcoarserfibersrequiredinatuftwillbeproportionately
9. Apparatus
fewer.
9.1 Balance, having a capacity of 15 mg and sensitivity of
at least 0.005 mg.
12. Preparation of Specimens
9.2 Metal Template, Die, or Mechanical Cutting Device,
12.1 If linear density of finish-free fiber is requested,
having a precision of 61 % and designed to permit cutting
remove the finish after cutting the specimen and before
fibers of a specified length while under tension sufficient to
weighing. Refer to Test Method D1907, Test Method D2257,
remove crimp.
or the Non-fibrous Material Section of Test Methods D629 for
9.2.1 For fibers less than 50 mm in length, a template or die
procedures on the removal of finish.
25 mm in width for measurements in tex units (22.5 mm in
NOTE 5—Hot-water or hot solvent may cause considerable shrinkage
width for measurements in denier units) has been found
and consequent changes in linear density, and should not be used.
satisfactory.
12.2 The specimens chosen from staple fiber may require
9.2.2 For fibers more than 50 mm in length, a mechanical
combing to align the fibers and remove short ends. Because
cutting device, for example, a cutting board having two clamps
fibers are easily stretched, combing must be done with extra
at a greater distance apart than the selected length and having
care. Comb the specimen as follows:
two central clamps for fixing specimens to the board during
12.2.1 Grip the specimen at one end in suitable clamp or
cutting, each with a side adjacent to the path of one of a pair of
tweezers. Ease the specimen onto the stationary coarse comb
traversing blades positioned the selected length apart. Tem-
needles 3 to 5 mm on the clamp side of the center of the tuft.
plates or dies of the type described in 9.2.1 can be made with
Draw the specimen gently toward the center.
appropriate widths for use on longer fibers.
12.2.2 Lift the specimen off the comb. Replace the speci-
9.3 Weights, for preloading crimped fibers.
men on the needles 3 to 5 mm closer to the clamp than the last
position. Draw the specimen gently to the center as before.
9.4 Forceps or Clamps, having gripping surfaces padded
12.2.3 Continue to comb the specimen as directed in 12.2.2
with fiber board, cork, or rubber, and wide enough to hold a
until the clamp is reached and all unclamped fibers are drawn
bundle of fibers firmly.
to the center.
9.5 Stationary Coarse Comb, approximately 63 mm in
12.2.4 Reverse the specimen. Clamp it in the combed
width and having needles approximately 12.5 mm in length
segment approximately 3 to 5 mm from the uncombed
and spaced 19 needles to the centimetre.
segment, near the center. Comb the other end of the specimen,
9.6 Cathetometer.
progressingfromtiptocenterin3to5mmincrements.Discard
the combings.
10. Verification of Equipment Parameters
12.3 Arrange fibers from filament yarn or tows in parallel
10.1 Determine that the length defined by the templates or
alignment.
the cutting edges of dies and mechanical cutting devices is
correct within 1 % by accurate measurement of these devices
13. Procedure
with a cathetometer.
13.1 Test the specimens in the standard atmosphere for
10.2 Determine that the balance and pretension weights are
testing textiles, which is 21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F) and 6562%
correct within 60.5 % by comparison with standard weights.
relative humidity.
13.2 Place the bundle of fibers prepared as directed in 12.2
11. Test Specimens
or 12.3 in a cutting device or on a flat cutting surface. Make
11.1 Fromeachlaboratorysamplingunitinacontainer,take
certain the fibers are in parallel alignment.
five specimens at random. If the standard deviation determined
13.3 If crimp is present, remove it by pretensioning the
for the container from which the laboratory sampling units
specimen under a tension determined as directed in X1.1 of the
were taken is more than a value agreed upon between the
Appendix.
purchaser and supplier, continue testing in groups of five
specimens from the same laboratory sampling units in the
NOTE 6—Upon visual examination, if crimp does not appear to be
completely removed even at greater pretensioning than the minimum
container until the standard deviation for all specimens tested
determined, note this in the report.
for the container is not more than the agreed-to value or stop
with a specified number testing by agreement. 13.4 Cut the specimen to the selected length using template,
die, or cutting device.
13.5 Weigh the specimen to the nearest
...