ASTM D2880-03(2010)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user. The fuels shall be homogeneous mixtures of hydrocarbon oils free of inorganic acid, and free of excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter likely to make frequent cleaning of suitable strainers necessary. All grades containing residual components shall remain homogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The following test methods shall be performed to determine certain properties: flash point test, pour point test, water and sediment test, carbon residue test, ash test, distillation test, viscosity test, density test, and sulfur test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user.
1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute a requirement of this specification unless mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.
1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the significance of various test methods used in inspecting the fuels.
1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contaminants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limitations due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.
Note 1—The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D4418 for methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum sources as gas turbine.
Note 2—Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.
Note 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2880 −03(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Specification for
Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas 2.1 ASTM Standards:
turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification Atmospheric Pressure
sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
custody transfer to the user. Closed Cup Tester
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational pur-
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
poses only and do not constitute a requirement of this specifi-
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
cation unless mutually agreed upon between the interested
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
parties.
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the
ity)
significance of various test methods used in inspecting the
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
fuels.
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contami-
Petroleum Products
nants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is
Method)
noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limita-
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-
tions due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.
Temperature Method)
NOTE 1—The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D4418 for
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
sources as gas turbine.
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
NOTE 2—Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of
federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more
D3605 Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels
information on the subject, see Guide D4865.
by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
Cup Tester
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D2880–03. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D2880-03R10. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2880−03 (2010)
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API 4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remain
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter homogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravity
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum intolightandheavyoilcomponentsoutsidetheviscositylimits
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec- for the grade.
trometry
5. Detailed Requirements
D4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels
for Gas Turbines 5.1 The various grades of gas turbine fuel oil shall conform
to the limiting requirements shown in Table 1.As noted in the
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems supplementaryfootnotestoTable1,therequirementsforGrade
Nos. 1-GT and 2-GT conform in most respects to correspond-
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel ing Grade Nos. 1 and 2 fuels in Specification D396, and to
Grade Nos. 1-D and 2-D in Specification D975. The viscosity
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products range of Grade Nos. 3-GT and 4-GT fuel brackets the Grade
Nos. 4, 5, and 6 of Specification D396 and Grade No. 4-D of
(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)
D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products Specification D975. It is the intent that fuels meeting Specifi-
(Automatic Tilt Method) cation D396 and D975 requirements may also be supplied
D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products under these specifications provided they meet the requirements
(Rotational Method) listed in Table 1.
D6469 GuideforMicrobialContaminationinFuelsandFuel
5.2 Modificationsoflimitingrequirementsandtheinclusion
Systems
of fuel additives to meet special operating conditions may be
D6728 Test Method for Determination of Contaminants in
agreed upon between the interested parties.
Gas Turbine and Diesel Engine Fuel by Rotating Disc
5.3 The properties listed in this specification are those of
Electrode Atomic Emission Spectrometry
greatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance of
2.2 Other Documents:
the turbine. However, trace metals, even in fractional parts per
26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color and
million, are detrimental to gas turbine service life. Information
Concentration
on the maximum concentration of critical metallic elements in
40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives
the fuel as it enters the turbine combustor(s) is provided in
Appendix X2. Distillate fuels are usually of satisfactory purity
3. Terminology
as refined, but suppliers rarely have control over possible
contamination by trace metals in distribution and storage. The
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
limits in Appendix X2, although required as the fuel enters the
3.1.1 fuel contaminants—fuelcomponentsotherthanhydro-
combustor(s), do not apply to the fuel as delivered unless
carbon oils. In the present context the contaminants are foreign
mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Fuels may,
materials that make the fuel less suitable or even unsuitable for
therefore, require on-site clean-up, quality control procedures,
the intended use.
special handling, or other arrangements.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The contaminants of primary interest
are foreign materials introduced subsequent to the manufacture
6. Test Methods
of specification quality fuel. Hence they are materials intro-
6.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall
duced in the distribution system (that is, storage tanks, pipe-
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM meth-
lines, tank trucks, barges, etc.) or in the user’s storage and
ods except as noted:
handling system, or generated within these systems (rust
6.1.1 Flash Point—Test Methods D93, except where other
generated in steel pipes and tanks by moist fuel, and so forth).
methods are prescribed by law. For all grades, Test Method
Contaminants may be soluble or insoluble in the fuel.
D3828 may be used as an alternate with the same limits. For
3.1.2 fuel entering the combustor(s)—the fuel that is actu-
Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT, Test Method D56 may be
ally burned in the gas turbine. Fuel may be sampled at a point
used as an alternative with the same limits provided the flash
upstream from the point of entry into the combustor(s),
point is below 93°C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm /s at
provided the sample is representative of the fuel actually
40°C. This test method will give slightly lower values. In case
entering the combustor(s).
of dispute, Test Method D93 shall be used as the referee
method.
4. General Requirements
6.1.2 Pour Point—Test Method D97. For all grades, the
automatic Test Methods D5949, D5950,or D5985 can be used
4.1 The fuels herein specified shall be homogeneous mix-
tures of hydrocarbon oils free of inorganic acid, and free of as alternates with the same limits. In case of dispute, Test
Method D97 shall be used as the referee method.
excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter likely to
make frequent cleaning of suitable strainers necessary. 6.1.3 Water and Sediment—Test Method D2709 is used for
Grades 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT. Test Method D1796 is used for
Grades 3-GT and 4-GT.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402. Other mutually acceptable methods may be used.
D2880−03 (2010)
A,B
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils at Time and Place of Custody Transfer to User
D
ASTM
Grade
Property Test
E E
C
No. 0-GT No. 1-GT No. 2-GT No. 3-GT No. 4-GT
Method
F
Flash point D93 38 (100) 38 (100) 55 (130) 66 (150)
°C (°F) min
Water and sediment D2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 . .
% vol max D1796 . . . 1.0 1.0
Distillation
Temperature D86
°C (°F)
90 % volume recovered
min . . 282 . .
max . 288 338 . .
Kinematic viscosity
G
2 mm/s D445
F
AT 40°C (104°F) min 1.3 1.9 5.5 5.5
max 2.4 4.1 . .
AT 100°C (212°F) max . . 50.0 50.0
Ramsbottom
Carbon residue D524 0.15 0.15 0.35 . .
on
10 % distillation
Residue
% mass, max
Ash
% mass, max D482 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 .
Density at D1298
15°C kg/m
max . 850 876 . .
G
Pour point D97 . −18 −6 . .
°C (°F) max
A
To meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon between purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.
B
Gas turbines with waste heat recovery equipment may require fuel sulfur limits to prevent cold end corrosion. Environmental limits may also apply to fuel sulfur in selected
areas in the United States and in other countries.
C
The test methods indicated are the approved referee methods. Other acceptable methods are indicated in 6.1.
D
No. 0-GT includes naphtha, Jet B fuel and other volatile hydrocarbon liquids. No. 1-GT corresponds in general to specification D396 Grade No. 1 fuel and D975 Grade
1-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 2-GT corresponds in general to Specification D396 No. 2 fuel and D975 Grade 2-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 3-GT
and No. 4-GT viscosity range brackets specification D396 Grades No. 4, No. 5 (light), No. 5 (heavy), and No. 6, and D975 Grade No. 4-D diesel fuel in physical properties.
E
Under United States regulations, Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT are required by 40 CFR Part 80 to contain a sufficient amount of dye Solvent Red 164 so its presence
is visually apparent. At or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye Solvent Red 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent
to 3.9 lb per thousand barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26.
F 2
When the flash point is below 38°C (100°F) or when kinematic viscosity is below 1.3 mm /s at 40°C (104°F) or when both conditions exist, the turbine manufacturer should
be consulted with respect to safe handling and fuel system design.
G
For cold weather operation, the pour point should be specified 6°C below the ambient temperature at which the turbine is to be operated except where fuel heating
facilities are provided. When a pour point less than −18°C is specified for Grade No. 2-GT, the minimum viscosity shall be 1.7 mm /s and the minimum 90 % recovered
temperature shall be waived.
6.1.4 Carbon Residue—Test Method D524. addition,TestMethodD1266canbeusedforGradesNo.0and
6.1.5 Ash—Test Method D482.
No.1,butonlywithsampleshavingsulfurcontentsof0.4mass
6.1.6 Distillation—Test Method D86.
percent and less (down to 0.01 %). Test Method D5453 can be
6.1.7 Viscosity—Test Method D445.
used for Grades 0, 1, and 2 GT oils, but only with samples
6.1.8 Density—Test Method D1298 or D4052.
having sulfur contents of 0.8 mass % and less (down to 0.001
6.1.9 Sulfur—Test Method D129, Test Methods
%). Test Method D129 is the referee sulfur test method for
D1552, D2622, and D4294 can also be used for all grades. In
Specification D2880.
ForinformationontheprecisionoftheASTMmethodsoftestforfueloilsrefer 7. Keywords
to “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.
7.1 fuel oils; gas turbine; petroleum and petroleum products
CrawfordandG.V.Dyroff(1969).ThisdocumentisavailablefromthePublications
Section, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005.
D2880−03 (2010)
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS FOR GAS TURBINE FUEL OILS
X1.1 Scope X1.3 Selection of Particular Grade
X1.3.1 Theselectionofaparticulargasturbinefueloilfrom
X1.1.1 This specification divides the fuel oils encompassed
one of these five ASTM grades for use in a given gas turbine
by Specifications D396 and D975 into four grades, based upon
requires consideration of the following factors:
their applicability for use in gas turbines. Also there is a No.
X1.3.1.1 Availability of the fuel,
0-GTgradetocoverlow-flashnaphthas.Thespecificationdoes
X1.3.1.2 Design of the gas turbine and fuel handling sys-
not include fuels primarily intended for aircraft use. It places
tem,
limiting values on a nu
...
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