ASTM D7451-21

Standard Test Method for Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate, and Compression and Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary use of this test method is to evaluate new additive packages in specific fuels to ensure that fuel-water separability will not be compromised by the use of the additive package, either at their normal treat rates or at several times the intended treat rate to evaluate the impact of potential overtreatment.  
5.1.1 Water Volume Changes—Using this technique reveal the presence of water-soluble components, such as alcohols, in the fuel.  
5.1.2 Interface Condition Ratings—Using this technique reveal the presence of partially soluble components, such as surfactants, in the fuel.  
5.2 Additives or contaminants that affect the interface could harm water separation properties of fuels in equipment and quickly inhibit the free flow of fuel through filters and injection equipment, causing a decrease in combustion performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the tendency of water and fuels with a final boiling point of less than 390 °C, as measured in Test Method D86, to separate cleanly rather than create emulsions when they may contain potential emulsion forming additives or components, or have been additized with potential emulsion forming additives, or components.  
1.2 This test method applies primarily to gasoline, diesel, kerosine, and distillate grades of gas turbine, marine, home heating oils and furnace fuels (see Specifications D396, D975, D2880, D3699, D4814, and D6985). For fuel components such as biodiesel or alcohol, refer to X1.2 and X1.3.  
1.3 This test method is not meant to certify or qualify fuels for sale, but it is intended for use by additive suppliers to determine the need for demulsifier components in their additive packages.  
1.4 This test method is not meant for testing of fuels containing large amounts of aqueous soluble components, such as E85, or for testing of water emulsified fuels, or for testing of aviation fuels.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2021
• ICS: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.14 - Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D4814-20 - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7451 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate,
1
and Compression and Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the tendency 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ofwaterandfuelswithafinalboilingpointoflessthan390 °C, D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
as measured in Test Method D86, to separate cleanly rather Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
than create emulsions when they may contain potential emul- D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
sion forming additives or components, or have been additized D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
with potential emulsion forming additives, or components. D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel
1.2 This test method applies primarily to gasoline, diesel,
Oil (Accelerated Method)
kerosine, and distillate grades of gas turbine, marine, home
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
heating oils and furnace fuels (see Specifications D396, D975,
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
D2880, D3699, D4814, and D6985). For fuel components such
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
as biodiesel or alcohol, refer to X1.2 and X1.3.
Petroleum Products
1.3 This test method is not meant to certify or qualify fuels
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
for sale, but it is intended for use by additive suppliers to
Fuels, and Lubricants
determinetheneedfordemulsifiercomponentsintheiradditive
D4176 Test Method for FreeWater and Particulate Contami-
packages.
nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
1.4 This test method is not meant for testing of fuels
containing large amounts of aqueous soluble components, such Petroleum Products
D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
as E85, or for testing of water emulsified fuels, or for testing of
Fuel
aviation fuels.
D6985 Specification for Middle Distillate Fuel Oil—
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3
Military Marine Applications (Withdrawn 2010)
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
standard.
4
Distillate Fuel Bar Chart
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Fuel Clarity Rating Standard (physical or digital
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5,6
versions)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1 Definitions:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
1 4
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of ADJD417601. Original adjunct produced in 1991.
5
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels. Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally ADJD7451. Original adjunct produced in 2008.
6
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D7451 – 20. DOI: Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
10.1520/D7451-21. ADJD7451-E-PDF. Original adjunct produced in 2019.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 -------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7451 − 20 D7451 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate,
1
and Compression and Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the tendency of water and fuels with a final boiling point of less than 390 °C, as
measured in Test Method D86, to separate cleanly rather than create emulsions when they may contain potential emulsion forming
additives or components, or have been additized with potential emulsion forming additives, or components.
1.2 This test method applies primarily to gasoline, diesel, kerosine, and distillate grades of gas turbine, marine, home heating oils
and furnace fuels (see Specifications D396, D975, D2880, D3699, D4814, and D6985). For fuel components such as biodiesel or
alcohol, refer to X1.2 and X1.3.
1.3 This test method is not meant to certify or qualify fuels for sale, but it is intended for use by additive suppliers to determine
the need for demulsifier components in their additive packages.
1.4 This test method is not meant for testing of fuels containing large amounts of aqueous soluble components, such as E85, or
for testing of water emulsified fuels, or for testing of aviation fuels.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved July 1, 2020Oct. 1, 2021. Published July 2020October 2021. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 20192020 as
D7451 – 19.D7451 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/D7451-20.10.1520/D7451-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7451 − 21
D2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
3
D6985 Specification for Middle Distillate Fuel Oil—Military Marine Applications (Withdrawn 2010)
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
4
Distillate Fuel Bar Chart
5,6
Fuel Clarity Rating Standard (physical or digital versions)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.1.2 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to the wall of the glass test tube.
3.1.3 heavy scum, n—assessment that
...