ASTM D1322-24
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosenes and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel, a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1322 − 24
Designation: 598/23
Standard Test Method for
1,2
Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
Fuels, and Lubricants
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determina-
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
tion of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel,
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give
Measurement System Performance
results with different precision.
4
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.
IP 367 Petroleum products—Determination and application
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as of precision data in relation to methods of test
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this IP 598 Petroleum products—Determination of the smoke
standard. point of kerosene, manual and automated method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NOTE 1—Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the (now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1 Definitions:
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- to Terminology D4175.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3.1.2 aviation turbine fuel, n—refined petroleum distillate,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 3.1.2.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
3.1.3 kerosene, n—refined petroleum distillate, boiling be-
2. Referenced Documents
tween 140 °C and 300 °C, generally used in lighting and
3
2.1 ASTM Standards: heating applications.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and 3.1.3.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
Petroleum Products volatility ranges and sulfur content.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 smoke point, n—the maximum height, in millimetres,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM International Committee
of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of
D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct
specified design.
responsibility of ASTM Subcommittee D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal
Properties. The technically equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdic-
tion of the Energy Institute Subcommittee SC-B-10. 4. Summary of Test Method
Current edition approved March 1, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally
4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as D1322 – 23. DOI:
10.1520/D1322-24. is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smoke
2
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between
point. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved with
ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. ASTM and IP standards were approved by
the test fuel without smoking determined by the manual and
ASTM and EI technical committees as being technically equivalent but that does not
automated apparatus is reported to the nearest 0.1 mm.
imply both standards are identical.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1322 − 23 D1322 − 24
Designation: 598/23
Standard Test Method for
1,2
Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel, a manual
procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-
ment System Performance
4
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP 367 Petroleum products—Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test
IP 598 Petroleum products—Determination of the smoke point of kerosene, manual and automated method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM International Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility
of ASTM Subcommittee D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties. The technically equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdiction of the Energy Institute
Subcommittee SC-B-10.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023March 1, 2024. Published January 2024March 2024. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 20222023 as
D1322 – 22.D1322 – 23. DOI: 10.1520/D1322-23.10.1520/D1322-24.
2
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. ASTM and IP standards were approved by ASTM
and EI technical committees as being technically equivalent but that does not imply both standards are identical.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1322 − 24
NOTE 1—Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum (now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.1.2 aviation turbine fuel, n—refined petroleum distillate, generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
Different grades are characterized by volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
3.1.3 kerosene, n—refined petroleum distillate, boiling between 140 °C and 300 °C, generally used in lighting and heating
applications.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Different grades are characterized by volatility ranges and sulfur content.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 smoke point, n—the maximum height, in millimetres, of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of specified
design.
4. Summary of Tes
...
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