ASTM D1322-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosenes and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel, a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1322 − 23
Designation: 598/23
Standard Test Method for
1,2
Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determina-
Measurement System Performance
tion of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel,
4
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give
IP 367 Petroleum products—Determination and application
results with different precision.
of precision data in relation to methods of test
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.
IP 598 Petroleum products—Determination of the smoke
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as point of kerosene, manual and automated method
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
NOTE 1—Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum
standard.
(now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, n—refined petroleum distillate,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2 kerosene, n—refined petroleum distillate, boiling be-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tween 140 °C and 300 °C, generally used in lighting and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
heating applications.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
volatility ranges and sulfur content.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.1 smoke point, n—the maximum height, in millimetres,
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of
Petroleum Products
specified design.
4. Summary of Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM International Committee
4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that
D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct
is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smoke
responsibility of ASTM Subcommittee D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal
Properties. The technically equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdic-
point. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved with
tion of the Energy Institute Subcommittee SC-B-10.
the test fuel without smoking determined by the manual and
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published January 2024. Originally
automated apparatus is reported to the nearest 0.1 mm.
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D1322 – 22. DOI:
10.1520/D1322-23.
2
5. Significance and Use
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between
ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. ASTM and IP standards were approved by
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative
ASTM and EI technical committees as being technically equivalent but that does not
smoke producing properties of kerosenes and aviation turbine
imply both standards are identical.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1322 − 22 D1322 − 23
Designation: 598/18598/23
Standard Test Method for
1,2
Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel, a manual
procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-
ment System Performance
4
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP 367 Petroleum products—Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test
IP 598 Petroleum products—Determination of the smoke point of kerosene, manual and automated method
NOTE 1—Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum (now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM International Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility
of ASTM Subcommittee D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties. The technically equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdiction of the Energy Institute
Subcommittee SC-B-10.
Current edition approved July 1, 2022Dec. 1, 2023. Published August 2022January 2024. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 20192022 as
D1322 – 19.D1322 – 22. DOI: 10.1520/D1322-22.10.1520/D1322-23.
2
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. ASTM and IP standards were approved by ASTM
and EI technical committees as being technically equivalent but that does not imply both standards are identical.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1322 − 23
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, n—refined petroleum distillate, generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Different grades are characterized by volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
3.1.2 kerosene, n—refined petroleum distillate, boiling between 140 °C and 300 °C, generally used in lighting and heating
applications.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
Different grades are characterized by volatility ranges and sulfur content.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 smoke point, n—the maximum height, in millimetres, of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of specified
design.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smoke point.
The maximum height of
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1322 − 23
Designation: 598/23
Standard Test Method for
1,2
Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determina-
Measurement System Performance
tion of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel,
4
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give
IP 367 Petroleum products—Determination and application
results with different precision.
of precision data in relation to methods of test
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.
IP 598 Petroleum products—Determination of the smoke
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as point of kerosene, manual and automated method
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
NOTE 1—Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum
standard.
(now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, n—refined petroleum distillate,
generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1.1.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2 kerosene, n—refined petroleum distillate, boiling be-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tween 140 °C and 300 °C, generally used in lighting and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
heating applications.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
volatility ranges and sulfur content.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.1 smoke point, n—the maximum height, in millimetres,
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of
Petroleum Products
specified design.
4. Summary of Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM International Committee
4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that
D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct
is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smoke
responsibility of ASTM Subcommittee D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal
Properties. The technically equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdic-
point. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved with
tion of the Energy Institute Subcommittee SC-B-10.
the test fuel without smoking determined by the manual and
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published January 2024. Originally
automated apparatus is reported to the nearest 0.1 mm.
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D1322 – 22. DOI:
10.1520/D1322-23.
2
5. Significance and Use
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between
ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. ASTM and IP standards were approved by
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative
ASTM and EI technical committees as being technically equivalent but that does not
smoke producing properties of kerosenes and aviation turbine
imply both standards are identical.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1322 − 23
FIG. 2 Smoke Point Principle (Automate
...
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