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ASTM D1048-99

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Blankets

Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Blankets

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers acceptance testing of rubber insulating blankets for protection of workers from accidental contact with live electrical conductors, apparatus, or circuits.
1.2 Two types of blankets are provided and are designated as Type I, not resistant to ozone, and Type II, resistant to ozone.
1.3 Five classes of blankets, differing in electrical characteristics, are provided and are designated as Class 0, Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4.
1.4 Two styles of blankets, differing in construction characteristics, are provided and are designated as Style A and Style B.  Note 1-Rubber as used in this specification is a generic term that includes elastomer compounds regardless of origin.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Sections 16 through 19, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-1999
ICS
29.035.20 - Plastics and rubber insulating materials
Technical Committee
F18 - Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers
Drafting Committee
F18.25 - Insulating Cover-Up Equipment
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D1048-05 - Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Blankets
Effective Date
01-Feb-2005
Referred By
ASTM F2320-18(2022) - Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Sheeting
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM F1742-03(2020) - Standard Specification for PVC Insulating Sheeting
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2677-08a(2019) - Standard Specification for Electrically Insulating Aprons
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM F479-06(2022) - Standard Specification for In-Service Care of Insulating Blankets
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999

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ASTM D1048-99 - Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Blankets
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 1048 – 99
Standard Specification for
1
Rubber Insulating Blankets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
4
1. Scope D 570 Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics
D 573 Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
1.1 This specification covers acceptance testing of rubber
3
Oven
insulating blankets for protection of workers from accidental
D 624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional
contact with live electrical conductors, apparatus, or circuits.
3
Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers
1.2 Two types of blankets are provided and are designated
D 1149 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
asTypeI,notresistanttoozone,andTypeII,resistanttoozone.
3
Ozone Cracking in a Chamber
1.3 Five classes of blankets, differing in electrical charac-
5
D 1388 Test Methods for Stiffness of Fabrics
teristics, are provided and are designated as Class 0, Class 1,
2.2 American National Standard:
Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4.
ANSI C84.1 Voltage Ratings for Electric Power Systems
1.4 Two styles of blankets, differing in construction charac-
6
and Equipment (60 Hz)
teristics, are provided and are designated as Style A and Style
B.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—Rubber as used in this specification is a generic term that
3.1 beaded edge— a narrow border of thicker rubber which
includes elastomer compounds regardless of origin.
extends completely around the outer edges of the blanket.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
3.2 breakdown—the electrical discharge or arc occurring
test method portion, Sections 16-19, of this specification: This
betweentheelectrodesandthroughtheequipmentbeingtested.
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
3.3 designated person—an individual who is qualified by
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
experience or training to perform an assigned task.
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
3.4 electrical testing facility—a location with qualified per-
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
sonnel, testing equipment, and procedures for the inspection
tions prior to use.
and electrical testing of electrical insulating protective equip-
ment.
2. Referenced Documents
3.5 electrode clearance—the shortest path from the ener-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
gized electrode to the ground electrode.
D 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
3.6 flashover—the electrical discharge or arc occurring
Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
between electrodes and over or around, but not through, the
2
at Commercial Power Frequencies
equipment being tested.
D 297 Test Methods for Rubber Products—Chemical
3.7 ozone—a very active form of oxygen that may be
3
Analysis
produced by corona, arcing, or ultra-violet rays.
D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-
3.8 ozone cutting and checking—the cutting action pro-
3
plastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension
duced by ozone on natural rubber under mechanical stress into
D 518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
a series of interlacing cracks.
3
Cracking
3.9 rubber—asusedinthisspecification,agenerictermthat
includes elastomers and elastomer compounds regardless of
origin.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-18 on
Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F18.25 on Insulating Cover-up Equipment. This standard replaces
ANSI Standard J6.4, which is no longer available.
4
Current edition approved July 10, 1999. Published September 1999. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
5
published as D1048–49 T. Last previous edition D1048–98. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01. 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 1048 – 99
3.10 user—as used in this specification (see 4.3.1) the operating system voltages, construction design, work proce-
entity e
...

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This specification covers the acceptance testing of insulating rubber matting that are used as a floor covering for the personal protection of workers. The sheeting shall be made from any elastomer or combination of elastomeric compounds. Two types of matting, differing in chemical and physical characteristics, are provided and are designated as Type I, which has been properly vulcanized, and Type II, which has one or more of the following special properties: (A) ozone resistance; (B) flame resistance; and (C) oil resistance. Five classes of matting, designated as Classes 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, are assigned according to electrical protection characteristics. When evaluated in accordance with the test procedures detailed herein, the matting shall adhere to the following property requirements: electrical properties such as phase-phase maximum use voltage, AC and DC proof-test voltages, AC and DC dielectric breakdown test voltages, and AC and DC electrode clearances; an physical and chemical properties such as moisture absorption, oil resistance, tensile strength, tension set, elongation, resistance to accelerated heat aging, and flame resistance.
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X1.3.2 This test method is not intended to be a criterion for fire hazard. The fire hazard created by materials depends upon the form and end use of the material. Assessment of fire hazard includes, but is not limited to, many factors, such as, ease of ignition, burning rate, flame spread, fuel contribution, intensity of burning, and products of combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers acceptance testing of rubber insulating matting for use as a floor covering for protection of workers.  
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Note 1: Rubber insulating matting should remain flexible for use through normal temperature ranges.
Note 2: Rubber as used in this specification is a generic term that includes elastomers and elastomer compounds, regardless of origin.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Blankets

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the acceptance testing of insulating rubber blankets that are used for the personal protection of workers from accidental contact with live electrical conductors, apparatus, or circuits. Two types of blankets, differing in chemical and physical characteristics, are provided and are designated as: Type I, made from properly vulcanized high-grade cis-1,4-polyisoprene rubber compound of natural or synthetic origin that is non-resistant to ozone; and Type II, made of any elastomer or combination of elastomeric compounds that is resistant to ozone. Five classes of blankets, designated as Classes 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, are assigned according to electrical protection characteristics. Styles of blankets are designated in accordance to construction characteristics, namely: Style A, blankets free of any reinforcements; and Style B, blankets incorporated with reinforcement(s). When evaluated in accordance with the test procedures detailed herein, the blankets shall adhere to the following property requirements: electrical properties such as phase-phase maximum use voltage, AC and DC proof-test voltages, AC and DC dielectric breakdown test voltages, and AC and DC clearances; and physical and chemical properties such as ozone resistance, moisture absorption, tensile strength, tension set, elongation, drape stiffness, flex stiffness, tear resistance, resistance to accelerated heat aging, and puncture resistance.
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1.1 This specification covers acceptance testing of rubber insulating blankets for protection of workers from accidental contact with live electrical conductors, apparatus, or circuits.  
1.2 Two types of blankets are provided and are designated as Type I, not resistant to ozone, and Type II, resistant to ozone.  
1.3 Five classes of blankets, differing in electrical characteristics, are provided and are designated as Class 0, Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4.  
1.4 Two styles of blankets, differing in construction characteristics, are provided and are designated as Style A and Style B.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Sections 16 – 19, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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This specification covers acceptance testing of rubber insulating covers for use as portable protective devices for protection of workers from accidental contact with live electrical conductors, apparatus, or circuits. It includes insulator hoods, dead-end protectors, line hose connectors, cable end covers, and miscellaneous covers. The electrical, physical, and chemical requirements of this specification shall apply also to any new or modified styles of covers that may be developed for specific purposes. The covers shall be of three types: Type I – non-resistant to ozone, made from a high-grade cis-1,4-polyisoprene rubber compound of natural or synthetic origin, properly vulcanized; Type II - ozone resistant, made of any elastomer or combination of elastomeric compounds; and Type III - ozone-resistant, made of any combination of elastomer and thermoplastic polymer, elastic in nature. Electrical proof, ozone resistance, chemical, and physical tests shall be conducted on each of the covers to determine its acceptability. The cover material shall conform to the tensile strength requirements, the accelerated aging, and for Type I covers, the determination of rubber polymer. Each cover shall withstand the specified ac proof-test voltage (rms value) or the dc proof-test voltage (average value).
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1.3 Five classes of covers, differing in electrical characteristics, are provided, and are designated as Class 0, Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4.  
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4.1 This guide provides inspection methods and techniques that may be used to examine electrical protective rubber products for irregularities. The methods have applications in manufacturing facilities, testing laboratories, and in the field where the products are used.  
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ASTM D785-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A Rockwell hardness number is a number derived from the net increase in depth impression as the load on an indenter is increased from a fixed minor load to a major load and then returned to a minor load (Procedure A). A Rockwell alpha (α) hardness number represents the maximum possible remaining travel of a short-stroke machine from the net depth of impression, as the load on the indenter is increased from a fixed minor load to a major load (Procedure B). Indenters are round steel balls of specific diameters. Rockwell hardness numbers are always quoted with a scale symbol representing the indenter size, load, and dial scale used. This test method is based on Test Methods E18. Procedure A (Section 11) yields the indentation of the specimen remaining 15 s after a given major load is released to a standard 10-kg minor load. Procedure B (Section 12) yields the indentation of the indenter into the specimen after a 15-s application of the major load while the load is still applied. Each Rockwell scale division represents 0.002-mm (0.00008-in.) vertical movement of the indenter. In practice, the Rockwell hardness number is derived from the following relationship:  
     where:
  HR  =  the Rockwell hardness number, and   e  =  the depth of impression after removal of the major load, in units of 0.002 mm. This relation only holds for the E, M, L, R, and K scales.    
4.2 A Rockwell hardness number is directly related to the indentation hardness of a plastic material, with the higher the reading the harder the material. An α hardness number is equal to 150 minus the instrument reading. Due to a short overlap of Rockwell hardness scales by Procedure A, two different dial readings on different scales may be obtained on the same material, both of which may be technically correct.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for testing the indention hardness of plastics and related plastic electrical insulating materials by means of the Rockwell hardness tester.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 2039-2 are equivalent. Procedure A of this test method is equivalent to the test method in the main body of ISO 2039-2. Procedure B of this test method is equivalent to the test method in the integral annex part of ISO 2039-2.  
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ASTM D256-23e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Before proceeding with these test methods, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in these test methods. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply.  
5.2 The pendulum impact test indicates the energy to break standard test specimens of specified size under stipulated parameters of specimen mounting, notching, and pendulum velocity-at-impact.  
5.3 The energy lost by the pendulum during the breakage of the specimen is the sum of the following:  
5.3.1 Energy to initiate fracture of the specimen;  
5.3.2 Energy to propagate the fracture across the specimen;  
5.3.3 Energy to throw the free end (or ends) of the broken specimen (“toss correction”);  
5.3.4 Energy to bend the specimen;  
5.3.5 Energy to produce vibration in the pendulum arm;  
5.3.6 Energy to produce vibration or horizontal movement of the machine frame or base;  
5.3.7 Energy to overcome friction in the pendulum bearing and in the indicating mechanism, and to overcome windage (pendulum air drag);  
5.3.8 Energy to indent or deform plastically the specimen at the line of impact; and  
5.3.9 Energy to overcome the friction caused by the rubbing of the striker (or other part of the pendulum) over the face of the bent specimen.  
5.4 For relatively brittle materials, for which fracture propagation energy is small in comparison with the fracture initiation energy, the indicated impact energy absorbed is, for all practical purposes, the sum of factors 5.3.1 and 5.3.3. The toss correction (see 5.3.3) may represent a very large fraction of the total energy absorbed when testing relatively dense and brittle materials. Test Method C shall be used for materials that have an Izod impact resistance of less than 27 J/m (0.5 ft·lbf/in.). (See Appendix X4 for optional units.) T...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the resistance of plastics to “standardized” (see Note 1) pendulum-type hammers, mounted in “standardized” machines, in breaking standard specimens with one pendulum swing (see Note 2). The standard tests for these test methods require specimens made with a milled notch (see Note 3). In Test Methods A, C, and D, the notch produces a stress concentration that increases the probability of a brittle, rather than a ductile, fracture. In Test Method E, the impact resistance is obtained by reversing the notched specimen 180° in the clamping vise. The results of all test methods are reported in terms of energy absorbed per unit of specimen width or per unit of cross-sectional area under the notch. (See Note 4.)
Note 1: The machines with their pendulum-type hammers have been “standardized” in that they must comply with certain requirements, including a fixed height of hammer fall that results in a substantially fixed velocity of the hammer at the moment of impact. However, hammers of different initial energies (produced by varying their effective weights) are recommended for use with specimens of different impact resistance. Moreover, manufacturers of the equipment are permitted to use different lengths and constructions of pendulums with possible differences in pendulum rigidities resulting. (See Section 5.) Be aware that other differences in machine design may exist. The specimens are “standardized” in that they are required to have one fixed length, one fixed depth, and one particular design of milled notch. The width of the specimens is permitted to vary between limits.
Note 2: Results generated using pendulums that utilize a load cell to record the impact force and thus impact energy, may not be equivalent to results that are generated using manually or digitally encoded testers that measure the energy remaining in the pendulum after impact.
Note 3: The notch in the Iz...

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