ASTM C545-97(2007)
(Classification)Standard Classification of Zircon Refractories
Standard Classification of Zircon Refractories
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The zircon content and bulk density of a zirconia-silica refractory material have important influences on chemical resistance and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers fired refractory brick and shapes consisting predominantly of zircon (ZrO2SiO 2) and containing, by chemical analysis, not less than 60 % zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and not less than 30 % silica (SiO 2).
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Designation:C545 −97(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Classification of
Zircon Refractories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C545; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
3.1 The zircon content and bulk density of a zirconia-silica
1.1 This classification covers fired refractory brick and
refractory material have important influences on chemical
shapes consisting predominantly of zircon (ZrO ·SiO ) and
2 2
resistance and its satisfactory use in refractory applications.
containing, by chemical analysis, not less than 60 % zirconium
This classification is considered useful for purchase specifica-
oxide (ZrO ) and not less than 30 % silica (SiO ).
2 2
tions and quality control.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Basis of Classification
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Types:
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,
4.1.1 Type A (Regular)—Zircon refractories having a bulk
3 3
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
density of less than 240 lb/ft (3.84 g/cm ).
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
4.1.2 Type B (Dense)—Zircon refractories having a bulk
3 3
density of 240 lb/ft (3.84 g/cm ) or more.
NOTE 1—Chemical analysis of refractory products are determined by a
combination of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plazma
5. Test Methods
(ICP) using standard reference materials (SRM), including various types
of minerals and refractory materials which are available from the National
5.1 The properties listed in this classification shall be
Institute of Standards and Technology and other appropriate sources.
determined by the following ASTM methods:
C830 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid
5.1.1 Bulk Density—Test Methods C20 or C830.
Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density
5.1.2 Chemical Analysis—XRF and ICP.
of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
6. Retests
6.1 Because of variables resulting from sampling and the
This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
lack of satisfactory reproducibility in tests conducted by
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.92 on The Joseph
different laboratories, the material may be resampled and
E. Kopanda Subcommittee for
...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)
3.2 These test methods are for determining the room temperature flexural strength in three-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or both, for all refractory products.
3.3 Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.
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3.5 This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of hydration of a granular dead-burned refractory dolomite when exposed to moist air.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method compares relative resistance to hydration of basic refractory brick and shapes in laboratory tests.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these properties and are particularly useful for testing hydratable products.
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that are suitable for use in quality control, research and development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with specifications, and providing data for design purposes.
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3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration, and original faces,
3.3.2 The open pores of the test specimens are fully impregnated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and
3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of refractory shapes:
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
1.1.4 Bulk density.
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1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The apparatus used in this standard is only available in SI units.
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4.5.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulous manner.
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1.2.1 Exception—In 7.3, the equivalent SI unit is expressed in parentheses.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring size, dimensional measurement, bulk density, warpage, and squareness of rectangular dense refractory brick and rectangular insulating firebrick. More precise determination of bulk density of refractory brick can be made by Test Methods C20. Stack height is generally determined only for dense refractories.
Note 1: Test Methods C830 and Test Method C914 are also used to determine bulk density of refractory brick, by different procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
Sections
Size and Bulk Density
4 through 7
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8 through 10
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11 through 14
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method was developed for use both by manufacturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.
4.2 The results may be considered as representative of the potential for an AZS refractory (specifically, in the tested region) to contribute to glass defect formation during the furnace production operation.
4.3 The procedures and results may be applied to other refractory types or applications (that is, reheat furnace skid rail brick) in which glass exudation is considered to be important.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for causing the exudation of a glassy phase to the surface of fusion-cast specimens by subjecting them to temperatures corresponding to glass furnace operating temperatures.
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1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The balance required for this test method uses only SI units (Section 7).
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating the resistance of refractories in glass-melting furnace superstructures to vapor attack. This test method may also be useful for evaluating refractories in other applications where vapor attack occurs.
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2.3 The degree of correlation between this test method and service performance is not fully determinable. This is intended to be an accelerated test method that generates a substantial degree of reaction in a relatively short amount of time. This acceleration may be accomplished by changing the composition and/or concentration of the reactants, increasing temperatures, or by performing the test in an isothermal environment.
2.4 Since the test method may not accurately simulate the service environment, observed results of this test method may not be representative of those found in service. It is imperative that the user understand and consider how the results of this test method may differ from those encountered in service. This is particularly likely if the reaction products, their nature, or their degree differ from those normally found in the actual service environment.
2.5 It is incumbent upon the user to understand that this is an aggressive, accelerated test method and to be careful in interpreting the results. If, for example, the reaction species have never been found in a real-world furnace, then this test method should not necessarily be considered valid to evaluate the refractory in question.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the behavior of refractories in contact with vapors under conditions intended to simulate the environment within a glass-melting or other type of furnace when refractories are exposed to vapors from raw batch, molten glass, fuel, fuel contaminants, or other sources. This procedure is intended to accelerate service conditions for the purpose of determining in a relatively short time the interval resistance to fluxing, bloating, shrinkage, expansion, mineral conversion, disintegration, or other physical changes that may occur.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical linear measurements.
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the average cross-sectional area.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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