C08.92 - The Joseph E. Kopanda Subcommittee for Editorial, Terminology and Classification

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The mullite content of an alumina-silica refractory material has an important influence on volume stability, load-bearing properties, and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers refractory products consisting predominantly of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) crystals that are formed by either converting any of the sillimanite group of minerals, or synthesizing from appropriate materials in a melt or sinter process.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Alumina-silica refractory brick is produced from various combinations of alumina and silica-containing materials. These bricks can vary in chemical composition from almost 100 % alumina and little silica to almost 100 % silica and little alumina. It is therefore useful to establish a classification scheme based on physical properties and chemical analysis. One group, fireclay brick, is classified based on physical properties since some overlap of alumina and silica content can occur. A second group, high-alumina brick, is classified primarily based on alumina content. The classification allows those familiar with refractory materials to group similar products from various suppliers in a standard and consistent manner.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers machine-made fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, and its purpose is to set forth the various classes and types of these materials in accordance with their normal and characteristic properties, which are important in their use.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The zircon content and bulk density of a zirconia-silica refractory material have important influences on chemical resistance and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers fired refractory brick and shapes consisting predominantly of zircon (ZrO2·SiO2) and containing, by chemical analysis, not less than 60 % zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and not less than 30 % silica (SiO2).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Refractory mortars are used for laying, bonding and coating refractory brick. They become an integral part of the resulting refractory lining or structure. Therefore, such mortars should be selected in order to closely match those of the brick. A classification system is provided for use in producing, purchasing and using different types of refractory mortars.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification pertains to fireclay and high-alumina refractory mortars that can be trowelled, dipped or painted to join or coat refractory bricks and shapes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification categorizes the defined types of fused-cast refractory blocks and shapes into distinct classes based on mineralogical composition. Such classes have historically been useful for relating the defined types and classes with specific industrial applications and for developing product or purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers commercial fusion-cast refractory blocks and shapes. Its purpose is to set forth the various types and classes of these materials according to their mineralogical compositions. These compositions are important to determining their suitability for use in specified applications. This standard is not intended to cover commercial fused grains or beads.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is provided to facilitate comparison of physical and mechanical properties of refractory materials by establishing uniform presentation of data.  
3.2 Units have been chosen, where possible, to result in numbers of magnitude familiar in the refractories industry, that is, g/cm3 rather than the SI preferred unit kg/m3. It is recommended that SI prefixes be selected for use with the units such that the resulting numerical values lie between 0.1 and 1000. For most properties, the prefixes kilo (k) and mega (M) are preferred. Other prefixes are given in the following table:    
Multiplication
Factor  
Prefix  
Symbol  
109  
giga  
G  
106  
mega  
M  
103  
kilo  
k  
102  
hectoA  
h  
101  
dekaA  
da  
10−1  
deciA  
d  
10−2  
centiA  
c  
10−3  
milli  
m  
10−6  
micro  
μ  
10−9  
nano  
n (A) To be avoided where practical.    
3.3 The conversion factors, which have been selected for their general utility in the refractories industry, have been taken from Practice E380, where possible. For uniformity, they have been presented to four decimal places. In use, the converted values should be rounded to the same number of significant figures as in the original value.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents the units to be employed for reporting the properties of refractories, such as density, crushing stress, modulus of rupture, tensile stress, thermal conductivity, and permeability.  
1.2 For convenience, a table of conversion factors between inch-pound units and SI units is included.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice defines a procedure that ensures reasonably consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
4.2 This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general interest parties for research and development or quality control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons on products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product quality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
4.3 If pitch-impregnated samples are prepared by wet cutting or drilling, care should be taken in drying them. If the samples are heated to facilitate drying, the temperature to which they are heated should not be so high that it causes drainage of pitch from the samples.  
4.4 Porosities of metal-containing brick must be measured using kerosene or mineral spirits, because using water will result in an artificially low result.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from magnesia-carbon and impregnated burned basic brick. This practice generally concerns preparation of test specimens from brick greater than 13 in. (33 cm) in length. These brick are mainly manufactured for use in electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Alumina and alumina-silicate castable refractories are produced to yield property characteristics commensurate with different end-use properties. Volume stability, modulus of rupture, bulk density, and lime content have become useful measures to distinguish various alumina and alumina-silicate castable formulations for initial fitness for service. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and for quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers alumina and alumina-silicate castable refractories that, when tempered with water, will develop structural strength by chemical action.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The presence of certain impurities in silica brick tends to lower their refractoriness and service limits. This classification permits those familiar with refractories to predict the refractoriness of silica brick from their alkali and alumina contents.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification is limited to silica brick meeting the following requirements:  
1.1.1 Alumina (Al2O3) content of less than 1.50 %.  
1.1.2 Titania (TiO2) content of less than 0.20 %.  
1.1.3 Iron oxide (FeO3) content of less than 2.50 %.  
1.1.4 Calcium oxide (CaO) content of less than 4.00 %.  
1.1.5 Average modulus of rupture of not less than 500 psi (3.45 MPa).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The dimensions listed in this practice represent the dimensions of rectangular and tapered refractory shapes manufactured and used in the United States.  
3.2 The modular concept of dimensions permits a versatile arrangement of bonding during the construction of masonry units.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the dimensions for rectangular and tapered brick in common usage in the United States.  
1.2 The dimensions are modular based on 38 mm as the basic module as described in Practice C861.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This classification defines a group of classes for use by those producing or purchasing fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories and ramming mixes. Each class is limited by PCE or alumina content, or both. This classification is frequently used as a specification when the properties shown in Table 1 are the only items specified.  (A) NR = not required.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories and ramming mixes that can be pounded or rammed into place to form a monolithic structure. The terms “plastic” and “ramming mix” are generally intended to describe the workability of the material. In this regard, plastics are considered to be materials having a workability index of more than 15 % in accordance with Test Method C181, while ramming mixes generally have less than 15 % workability by the same procedure.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This classification establishes an orderly grouping of insulating firebrick to provide group identifications for use by those producing or purchasing these materials. The group identification number is not meant to specifically designate the maximum service temperature, although the number times 100 does approximate the temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) to be used to check the reheat change and can be used as a guide for relative temperature stability. The bulk density limits the weight per unit volume for any group as sold, but is not meant to be used for detailed engineering calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers heat-insulating material known as insulating firebrick. This material is suitable for lining certain kinds of industrial furnaces.  
Note 1: Insulating materials for use below 1000 °F (538 °C) are covered2 by ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification categorizes the defined types of refractory brick, with the exception of chrome brick, into distinct classes based on a nominal and minimal value for magnesium oxide content. Chrome brick are treated as a separate class without reference to magnesium oxide content. Such classes have historically been generally useful in relating the defined types to specific industrial applications and in developing product or purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification categorizes machine-made refractory brick defined as chrome, chrome-magnesia, magnesia-chrome, and magnesia brick (see 3.1). It does not cover products made from electrically fused magnesium oxide or products made by fusion casting. Its purpose is to describe classes distinguished by obvious differences in magnesium oxide (MgO) content except for chrome brick.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is provided in the interest of facilitating the transition of dimensional practice for standard refractory brick and shapes from inch-pound units to metric (SI) units.  
3.2 The standard dimensions are based on a 38-mm module (taken as the equivalent to 1.5 in.) and are developed with the aim of preserving a modular relationship between the dimensions of the principal rectangular refractory shapes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers dimensions in millimetres for standard series refractory brick and shapes of all compositions.  
1.2 A standard method for converting all other dimensions of shaped refractory articles from inch-pound to SI units is included.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology ensures that terms peculiar to refractories are adequately defined so that other standards in which such terms are used can be understood and interpreted properly.  
3.2 This terminology is useful to those who are not conversant with the terms related to refractories. However, it is also a ready reference for those directly associated with refractories to resolve differences and ensure commonality of usage, particularly in the preparation of ASTM standards.  
3.3 Although this terminology is intended to promote uniformity in the usage of terms related to refractories, it can never be complete because new terms are constantly arising. The existence of this terminology does not preclude the use or misuse of any term in another context.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related to refractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture, finished products, applications, and testing procedures.  
1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology are quoted or published out of context, editorially insert the limiting phrase “in refractories” after the dash following the term to properly limit the field of application of the term and definition.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The dimensions listed in this practice represent the dimensions of rectangular and tapered refractory shapes manufactured and used in the United States.  
3.2 The modular concept of dimensions permits a versatile arrangement of bonding during the construction of masonry units.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the dimensions for rectangular and tapered brick in common usage in the United States.  
1.2 The dimensions are modular based on 38 mm as the basic module as described in Practice C861.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The mullite content of an alumina-silica refractory material has an important influence on volume stability, load-bearing properties, and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers refractory products consisting predominantly of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) crystals that are formed by either converting any of the sillimanite group of minerals, or synthesizing from appropriate materials in a melt or sinter process.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification categorizes the defined types of fused-cast refractory blocks and shapes into distinct classes based on mineralogical composition. Such classes have historically been useful for relating the defined types and classes with specific industrial applications and for developing product or purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers commercial fusion-cast refractory blocks and shapes. Its purpose is to set forth the various types and classes of these materials according to their mineralogical compositions. These compositions are important to determining their suitability for use in specified applications. This standard is not intended to cover commercial fused grains or beads.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The presence of certain impurities in silica brick tends to lower their refractoriness and service limits. This classification permits those familiar with refractories to predict the refractoriness of silica brick from their alkali and alumina contents.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification is limited to silica brick meeting the following requirements:  
1.1.1 Alumina (Al2O3) content of less than 1.50 %.  
1.1.2 Titania (TiO2) content of less than 0.20 %.  
1.1.3 Iron oxide (FeO3) content of less than 2.50 %.  
1.1.4 Calcium oxide (CaO) content of less than 4.00 %.  
1.1.5 Average modulus of rupture of not less than 500 psi (3.45 MPa).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification categorizes the defined types of refractory brick, with the exception of chrome brick, into distinct classes based on a nominal and minimal value for magnesium oxide content. Chrome brick are treated as a separate class without reference to magnesium oxide content. Such classes have historically been generally useful in relating the defined types to specific industrial applications and in developing product or purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification categorizes machine-made refractory brick defined as chrome, chrome-magnesia, magnesia-chrome, and magnesia brick (see 3.1). It does not cover products made from electrically fused magnesium oxide or products made by fusion casting. Its purpose is to describe classes distinguished by obvious differences in magnesium oxide (MgO) content except for chrome brick.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Alumina-silica refractory brick is produced from various combinations of alumina and silica-containing materials. These bricks can vary in chemical composition from almost 100 % alumina and little silica to almost 100 % silica and little alumina. It is therefore useful to establish a classification scheme based on physical properties and chemical analysis. One group, fireclay brick, is classified based on physical properties since some overlap of alumina and silica content can occur. A second group, high-alumina brick, is classified primarily based on alumina content. The classification allows those familiar with refractory materials to group similar products from various suppliers in a standard and consistent manner.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers machine-made fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, and its purpose is to set forth the various classes and types of these materials in accordance with their normal and characteristic properties, which are important in their use.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This classification establishes an orderly grouping of insulating firebrick to provide group identifications for use by those producing or purchasing these materials. The group identification number is not meant to specifically designate the maximum service temperature, although the number times 100 does approximate the temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) to be used to check the reheat change and can be used as a guide for relative temperature stability. The bulk density limits the weight per unit volume for any group as sold, but is not meant to be used for detailed engineering calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers heat-insulating material known as insulating firebrick. This material is suitable for lining certain kinds of industrial furnaces.  
Note 1: Insulating materials for use below 1000 °F (538 °C) are covered2 by ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Alumina and alumina-silicate castable refractories are produced to yield property characteristics commensurate with different end-use properties. Volume stability, modulus of rupture, bulk density, and lime content have become useful measures to distinguish various alumina and alumina-silicate castable formulations for initial fitness for service. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and for quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers alumina and alumina-silicate castable refractories that, when tempered with water, will develop structural strength by chemical action.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This classification defines a group of classes for use by those producing or purchasing fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories and ramming mixes. Each class is limited by PCE or alumina content, or both. This classification is frequently used as a specification when the properties shown in Table 1 are the only items specified.  (A) NR = not required.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories and ramming mixes that can be pounded or rammed into place to form a monolithic structure. The terms “plastic” and “ramming mix” are generally intended to describe the workability of the material. In this regard, plastics are considered to be materials having a workability index of more than 15 % in accordance with Test Method C181, while ramming mixes generally have less than 15 % workability by the same procedure.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice defines a procedure that ensures reasonably consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
4.2 This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general interest parties for research and development or quality control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons on products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product quality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
4.3 If pitch-impregnated samples are prepared by wet cutting or drilling, care should be taken in drying them. If the samples are heated to facilitate drying, the temperature to which they are heated should not be so high that it causes drainage of pitch from the samples.  
4.4 Porosities of metal-containing brick must be measured using kerosene or mineral spirits, because using water will result in an artificially low result.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from magnesia-carbon and impregnated burned basic brick. This practice generally concerns preparation of test specimens from brick greater than 13 in. (33 cm) in length. These brick are mainly manufactured for use in electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The zircon content and bulk density of a zirconia-silica refractory material have important influences on chemical resistance and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers fired refractory brick and shapes consisting predominantly of zircon (ZrO2·SiO2) and containing, by chemical analysis, not less than 60 % zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and not less than 30 % silica (SiO2).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is provided to facilitate comparison of physical and mechanical properties of refractory materials by establishing uniform presentation of data.  
3.2 Units have been chosen, where possible, to result in numbers of magnitude familiar in the refractories industry, that is, g/cm3 rather than the SI preferred unit kg/m3. It is recommended that SI prefixes be selected for use with the units such that the resulting numerical values lie between 0.1 and 1000. For most properties, the prefixes kilo (k) and mega (M) are preferred. Other prefixes are given in the following table:    
Multiplication
Factor  
Prefix  
Symbol  
109  
giga  
G  
106  
mega  
M  
103  
kilo  
k  
102  
hectoA  
h  
101  
dekaA  
da  
10−1  
deciA  
d  
10−2  
centiA  
c  
10−3  
milli  
m  
10−6  
micro  
μ  
10−9  
nano  
n (A) To be avoided where practical.    
3.3 The conversion factors, which have been selected for their general utility in the refractories industry, have been taken from Practice E380, where possible. For uniformity, they have been presented to four decimal places. In use, the converted values should be rounded to the same number of significant figures as in the original value.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents the units to be employed for reporting the properties of refractories, such as density, crushing stress, modulus of rupture, tensile stress, thermal conductivity, and permeability.  
1.2 For convenience, a table of conversion factors between inch-pound units and SI units is included.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Refractory mortars are used for laying, bonding and coating refractory brick. They become an integral part of the resulting refractory lining or structure. Therefore, such mortars should be selected in order to closely match those of the brick. A classification system is provided for use in producing, purchasing and using different types of refractory mortars.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification pertains to fireclay and high-alumina refractory mortars that can be trowelled, dipped or painted to join or coat refractory bricks and shapes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is provided in the interest of facilitating the transition of dimensional practice for standard refractory brick and shapes from inch-pound units to metric (SI) units.  
3.2 The standard dimensions are based on a 38-mm module (taken as the equivalent to 1.5 in.) and are developed with the aim of preserving a modular relationship between the dimensions of the principal rectangular refractory shapes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers dimensions in millimetres for standard series refractory brick and shapes of all compositions.  
1.2 A standard method for converting all other dimensions of shaped refractory articles from inch-pound to SI units is included.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The mullite content of an alumina-silica refractory material has an important influence on volume stability, load bearing properties, and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers refractory products consisting predominantly of mullite (3 Al2O3·2 SiO2) crystals that are formed by either converting any of the sillimanite group of minerals, or synthesizing from appropriate materials in a melt or sinter process.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Alumina-silica refractory brick is produced from various combinations of alumina and silica-containing materials. These bricks can vary in chemical composition from almost 100 % alumina and little silica to almost 100 % silica and little alumina. It is therefore useful to establish a classification scheme based on physical properties and chemical analysis. One group, fireclay brick, is classified based on physical properties since some overlap of alumina and silica content can occur. A second group, high-alumina brick, is classified primarily based on alumina content. The classification allows those familiar with refractory materials to group similar products from various suppliers in a standard and consistent manner.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers machine-made fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, and its purpose is to set forth the various classes and types of these materials in accordance with their normal and characteristic properties, which are important in their use.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The zircon content and bulk density of a zirconia-silica refractory material have important influences on chemical resistance and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers fired refractory brick and shapes consisting predominantly of zircon (ZrO2·SiO 2) and containing, by chemical analysis, not less than 60 % zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and not less than 30 % silica (SiO 2).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This classification defines a group of classes for use by those producing or purchasing fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories and ramming mixes. Each class is limited by PCE, or alumina content, or both. This classification is frequently used as a specification when the properties shown in Table 1 are the only items specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories and ramming mixes that can be pounded or rammed into place to form a monolithic structure. The terms “plastic” and“ ramming mix” are generally intended to describe the workability of the material. In this regard, plastics are considered to be materials having a workability index of more than 15 % in accordance with Test Method C181, while ramming mixes generally have less than 15 % workability by the same procedure.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This classification establishes an orderly grouping of insulating firebrick to provide group identifications for use by those producing or purchasing these materials. The group identification number is not meant to specifically designate the maximum service temperature although the number times 100 does approximate the temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) to be used to check the reheat change and can be used as a guide for relative temperature stability. The bulk density limits the weight per unit volume for any group as sold, but is not meant to be used for detailed engineering calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers heat insulating material known as insulating firebrick. This material is suitable for lining certain kinds of industrial furnaces. Note 1—Insulating materials for use below 1000°F (538°C) are covered2 by ASTM Committee C-16 on Thermal Insulation.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification categorizes the defined types of fused-cast refractory blocks and shapes into distinct classes based on mineralogical composition. Such classes have historically been useful for relating the defined types and classes with specific industrial applications and for developing product or purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers commercial fusion-cast refractory blocks and shapes. Its purpose is to set forth the various types and classes of these materials according to their mineralogical compositions. These compositions are important to determining their suitability for use in specified applications. This standard is not intended to cover commercial fused grains or beads.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The presence of certain impurities in silica brick tends to lower their refractoriness and service limits. This classification permits those familiar with refractories to predict the refractoriness of silica brick from their alkali and alumina contents.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification is limited to silica brick meeting the following requirements:
Alumina (Al2O 3) content of less than 1.50 %.
Titania (TiO2) content of less than 0.20 %.
Iron oxide (FeO3) content of less than 2.50 %.
Calcium oxide (CaO) content of less than 4.00 %.
Average modulus of rupture of not less than 500 psi (3.45 MPa).
1.2   This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is provided to facilitate comparison of physical and mechanical properties of refractory materials by establishing uniform presentation of data.  
3.2 Units have been chosen, where possible, to result in numbers of magnitude familiar in the refractories industry, that is, g/cm 3 rather than the SI preferred unit kg/m3. It is recommended that SI prefixes be selected for use with the units such that the resulting numerical values lie between 0.1 and 1000. For most properties, the prefixes kilo (k) and mega (M) are preferred. Other prefixes are given in the following table:  
3.3 The conversion factors, which have been selected for their general utility in the refractories industry, have been taken from Standard E380, where possible. For uniformity, they have been presented to four decimal places. In use, the converted values should be rounded to the same number of significant figures as in the original value.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents the units to be employed for reporting the properties of refractories, such as density, crushing stress, modulus of rupture, tensile stress, thermal conductivity, and permeability.  
1.2 For convenience, a table of conversion factors between inch-pound units and SI units is included.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification categorizes the defined types of refractory brick, with the exception of chrome brick, into distinct classes based on a nominal and minimal value for magnesium oxide content. Chrome brick are treated as a separate class without reference to magnesium oxide content. Such classes have historically been generally useful in relating the defined types to specific industrial applications and in developing product or purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification categorizes machine-made refractory brick defined as chrome, chrome-magnesia, magnesia-chrome, and magnesia brick (see 3.1). It does not cover products made from electrically fused magnesium oxide or to products made by fusion casting. Its purpose is to describe classes distinguished by obvious differences in magnesium oxide (MgO) content except for chrome brick.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This terminology ensures that terms peculiar to refractories are adequately defined so that other standards in which such terms are used can be understood and interpreted properly.  
This terminology is useful to those who are not conversant with the terms related to refractories. However, it is also a ready reference for those directly associated with refractories to resolve differences and ensure commonality of usage, particularly in the preparation of ASTM standards.  
Although this terminology is intended to promote uniformity in the usage of terms related to refractories, it can never be complete because new terms are constantly arising. The existence of this terminology does not preclude the use or misuse of any term in another context.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related to refractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture, finished products, applications, and testing procedures.  
1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology are quoted or published out of context, editorially insert the limiting phrase “in refractories” after the dash following the term to properly limit the field of application of the term and definition.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Alumina and alumina-silicate castable refractories are produced to yield property characteristics commensurate with different end use properties. Volume stability, modulus of rupture, bulk density, and lime content have become useful measures to distinguish various alumina and alumina-silicate castable formulations for initial fitness for service. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and for quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers alumina and alumina-silicate castable refractories that, when tempered with water, will develop structural strength by chemical action.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Refractory mortars are used for laying, bonding and coating refractory brick. They become an integral part of the resulting refractory lining or structure. Therefore, such mortars should be selected in order to closely match those of the brick. A classification system is provided for use in producing, purchasing and using different types of refractory mortars.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification pertains to fireclay and high-alumina refractory mortars that can be trowelled, dipped or painted to join or coat refractory bricks and shapes.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The dimensions listed in this practice represent the dimensions of rectangular and tapered refractory shapes manufactured and used in the United States.  
The modular concept of dimensions permits a versatile arrangement of bonding during the construction of masonry units.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the dimensions for rectangular and tapered brick in common usage in the United States.  
1.2 The dimensions are modular based on 38 mm as the basic module as described in Practice C861.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is provided in the interest of facilitating the transition of dimensional practice for standard refractory brick and shapes from inch-pound units to metric (SI) units.  
The standard dimensions are based on a 38-mm module (taken as the equivalent to 1.5 in.) and are developed with the aim of preserving a modular relationship between the dimensions of the principal rectangular refractory shapes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers dimensions in millimetres for standard series refractory brick and shapes of all compositions.  
1.2 A standard method for converting all other dimensions of shaped refractory articles from inch-pound to SI units is included.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice defines a procedure that ensures reasonably consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general interest parties for research and development or quality control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons on products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product quality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.
If pitch impregnated samples are prepared by wet cutting or drilling, care should be taken in drying them. If the samples are heated to facilitate drying, the temperature to which they are heated should not be so high that it causes drainage of pitch from the samples.
Porosities of metal-containing brick must be measured using kerosene or mineral spirits because using water will result in an artificially low result.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from magnesia-carbon and impregnated burned basic brick. This practice generally concerns preparation of test specimens from brick greater than 13 in. (33 cm) in length. These brick are mainly manufactured for use in electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This classification defines a group of classes for use by those producing or purchasing fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories and ramming mixes. Each class is limited by PCE, or alumina content, or both. This classification is frequently used as a specification when the properties shown in Table 1 are the only items specified.  
TABLE 1 Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina Plastic Refractories and Ramming Mixes
    Class
PCE, min
Al 2O3,
%
   High-duty31NRA Super-duty32½NR 60 % alumina3557.6 to 62.5 65 % alumina35-3662.6-67.5 70 % alumina3667.6 to 72.5 80 % alumina3777.6 to 82.5 85 % aluminaNR82.6 to 87.5 90 % aluminaNR87.6 to 92.5 95 % aluminaNR92.6 to 97.5 100 % aluminaNR>97.5
A NR = not required.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories and ramming mixes that can be pounded or rammed into place to form a monolithic structure. The terms “plastic” and“ ramming mix” are generally intended to describe the workability of the material. In this regard, plastics are considered to be materials having a workability index of more than 15 % in accordance with Test Method C 181, while ramming mixes generally have less than 15 % workability by the same procedure.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Alumina-silica refractory brick is produced from various combinations of alumina and silica-containing materials. These bricks can vary in chemical composition from almost 100 % alumina and little silica to almost 100 % silica and little alumina. It is therefore useful to establish a classification scheme based on physical properties and chemical analysis. One group, fireclay brick, is classified based on physical properties since some overlap of alumina and silica content can occur. A second group, high-alumina brick, is classified primarily based on alumina content. The classification allows those familiar with refractory materials to group similar products from various suppliers in a standard and consistent manner.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers machine-made fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, and its purpose is to set forth the various classes and types of these materials in accordance with their normal and characteristic properties, which are important in their use.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The mullite content of an alumina-silica refractory material has an important influence on volume stability, load bearing properties, and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers refractory products consisting predominantly of mullite (3 Al2O3·2 SiO2) crystals that are formed by either converting any of the sillimanite group of minerals, or synthesizing from appropriate materials in a melt or sinter process.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This terminology ensures that terms peculiar to refractories are adequately defined so that other standards in which such terms are used can be understood and interpreted properly.  
This terminology is useful to those who are not conversant with the terms related to refractories. However, it is also a ready reference for those directly associated with refractories to resolve differences and ensure commonality of usage, particularly in the preparation of ASTM standards.  
Although this terminology is intended to promote uniformity in the usage of terms related to refractories, it can never be complete because new terms are constantly arising. The existence of this terminology does not preclude the use or misuse of any term in another context.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related to refractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture, finished products, applications, and testing procedures.  
1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology are quoted or published out of context, editorially insert the limiting phrase “in refractories” after the dash following the term to properly limit the field of application of the term and definition.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This terminology ensures that terms peculiar to refractories are adequately defined so that other standards in which such terms are used can be understood and interpreted properly.  
This terminology is useful to those who are not conversant with the terms related to refractories. However, it is also a ready reference for those directly associated with refractories to resolve differences and ensure commonality of usage, particularly in the preparation of ASTM standards.  
Although this terminology is intended to promote uniformity in the usage of terms related to refractories, it can never be complete because new terms are constantly arising. The existence of this terminology does not preclude the use or misuse of any term in another context.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related to refractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture, finished products, applications, and testing procedures.  
1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology are quoted or published out of context, editorially insert the limiting phrase “in refractories” after the dash following the term to properly limit the field of application of the term and definition.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This classification categorizes the defined types of fused-cast refractory blocks and shapes into distinct classes based on mineralogical composition. Such classes have historically been useful for relating the defined types and classes with specific industrial applications and for developing product or purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers commercial fusion-cast refractory blocks and shapes. Its purpose is to set forth the various types and classes of these materials according to their mineralogical compositions. These compositions are important to determining their suitability for use in specified applications. This standard is not intended to cover commercial fused grains or beads.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.