ASTM D6243-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Resistance of Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method
Standard Test Method for Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Resistance of Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedure described in this test method for the shear resistance for the GCL or the GCL interface is intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of design values for the test conditions examined. The test specimens and conditions, including normal stresses, are generally selected by the user.
This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of GCLs, but caution is advised as outlined in 5.2.1.
The shear resistance can be expressed only in terms of actual test conditions (see Note 1 and Note 2). The determined value may be a function of the applied normal stress, material characteristics, size of sample, moisture content, drainage conditions, displacement rate, magnitude of displacement, and other parameters.
Note 1—In the case of acceptance testing requiring the use of soil, the user must furnish the soil sample, soil parameters, and direct shear test parameters.
Note 2—Testing under this test method should be performed by laboratories qualified in the direct shear testing of soils and meeting the requirements of Practice D3740, especially since the test results may depend on site-specific and test conditions.
This test method measures the total resistance to shear within a GCL or between a GCL and adjacent material. The total shear resistance may be a combination of sliding, rolling and interlocking of material components
This test method does not distinguish between individual mechanisms, which may be a function of the soil and GCL used, method of material placement and hydration, normal and shear stresses applied, means used to hold the GCL in place, rate of horizontal displacement, and other factors. Every effort should be made to identify, as closely as is practicable, the sheared area and failure mode of the specimen. Care should be taken, including close visual inspection of the specimen after testing, to ensure that the testing conditions are representative of those being investigated.
Informat...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the internal shear resistance of a Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) or the interface shear resistance between the GCL and an adjacent material under a constant rate of displacement or constant stress.
1.2 This test method is intended to indicate the performance of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field conditions.
1.3 This test method is applicable to all GCLs. Remolded or undisturbed soil samples can be used in the test device.
1.4 This test method is not suited for the development of exact stress-strain relationships within the test specimen due to the nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displacement.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6243 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Resistance of
1
Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
3
(2,700 kN-m/m ))
internalshearresistanceofaGeosyntheticClayLiner(GCL)or
D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation
the interface shear resistance between the GCLand an adjacent
Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
material under a constant rate of displacement or constant
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
stress.
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
1.2 This test method is intended to indicate the performance
D3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under
of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field
Consolidated Drained Conditions
conditions.
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
1.3 This test method is applicable to all GCLs. Remolded or Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
undisturbed soil samples can be used in the test device.
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
1.4 This test method is not suited for the development of
D6072 Practice for Obtaining Samples of Geosynthetic Clay
exact stress-strain relationships within the test specimen due to
Liners
the nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displace-
ment.
3. Terminology
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to soil and
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
rock, refer to Terminology D653. For definitions of term
only.
relating to GCLs, refer to Terminology D4439.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 adhesion, c,n—the shearing resistance between two
a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
unlike materials under zero normal stress.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.2 angle of friction, n—(angle of friction of a material or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
between two materials, °,) the angle whose tangent is the ratio
2. Referenced Documents
between the limiting value of the shear stress that resists
2
slippage internal to a body or between two solid bodies at rest
2.1 ASTM Standards:
with respect to each other and the normal stress across the
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
contact surface.
Fluids
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character- 3.2.3 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air main-
3
tained at a relative humidity of between 50 and 70 % and
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
3
kN-m/m )) temperature of 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
3.2.4 coeffıcient of friction, n—a constant proportionality
factor relating shear to normal stress for a defined failure
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
condition.
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-
thetic Clay Liners.
3.2.5 cohesion c, n—shear strength of material, or the
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally
interface between two materials, at zero normal stress; the
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6243–08a. DOI:
component of the shear strength indicated by the term c,in
10.1520/D6243-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Coulomb’s equation τ =c + σ tan (φ).
n
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.6 direct shear friction test, n—for GCLs, a procedure in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. which the internal GCL or the interface between a GCL and
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D6243 − 09
any other surface, under a constant normal stress specified by characteristics, size of sample, moisture content, drainage
the user, is stressed to failure by the relative movement of one conditions, displacement rate, magnitude of displacement, and
sur
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6243–08a Designation:D6243–09
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Resistance of
1
Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the internal shear resistance of a Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) or
the interface shear resistance between the GCL and an adjacent material under a constant rate of displacement or constant stress.
1.2 This test method is intended to indicate the performance of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field
conditions.
1.3 This test method is applicable to all GCLs. Remolded or undisturbed soil samples can be used in the test device.
1.4 This test method is not suited for the development of exact stress-strain relationships within the test specimen due to the
nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displacement.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
3 3
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600 kN-m/m ))
3
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft (2,700
3
kN-m/m ))
D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D6072 Practice for Obtaining Samples of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to soil and rock, refer to Terminology D653. For definitions of term relating
to GCLs, refer to Terminology D4439.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 adhesion, c , n—the shearing resistance between two unlike materials under zero normal stress.
a
3.2.2 angle of friction, n—(angle of friction of a material or between two materials, °,) the angle whose tangent is the ratio
betweenthelimitingvalueoftheshearstressthatresistsslippageinternaltoabodyorbetweentwosolidbodiesatrestwithrespect
to each other and the normal stress across the contact surface.
3.2.3 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air maintained at a relative humidity of between 50 and 70 % and temperature
of 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
3.2.4 coeffıcient of friction, n—a constant proportionality factor relating shear to normal stress for a defined failure condition.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosynthetic Clay
Liners.
Current edition approved Dec.Nov. 1, 2008.2009. Published January 2009.2010. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as
D6243–09.D6243–08a. DOI: 10.1520/D6243-08A.10.1520/D6243-09.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6243–09
3.2.5 cohesion c, n—shear strength of material, or the interface between two materials, at zero normal stress; the component
of the shear strength indicated by the term c, in Coulomb’s equation t =c + s tan (f).
n
3.2.6 direct shear friction test, n—for GCLs, a procedure i
...
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