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ASTM F1671-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System

Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to measure the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by blood-borne pathogens using a surrogate microbe under conditions of continuous liquid contact. Protective clothing material pass/fail  determinations are based on the detection of viral penetration.
1.1.1 This test method is not always effective in testing protective clothing materials having thick, inner liners which readily absorb the liquid assay fluid.
1.2 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method should review modes for worker/clothing exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific applications.
1.3 This test method has been specifically defined for modeling the viral penetration of Hepatitis (B and C) and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses transmitted in blood and other potentially infectious body fluids. Inferences for protection from other pathogens must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
1.4 This test method addresses only the performance of materials or certain material constructions (for example, seams) used in protective clothing and determined to be viral resistant. This test method does not address the design, overall construction and components, or interfaces of garments or other factors which may affect the overall protection offered by the protective clothing.
1.5 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2007
ICS
11.140 - Hospital equipment
13.340.10 - Protective clothing
Technical Committee
F23 - Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
Drafting Committee
F23.40 - Biological
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F1671-03 - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1494-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1670/F1670M-17a - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic Blood
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4012-23 - Standard Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content of Microorganisms in Water
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7687-23 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Cellular Adenosine Triphosphate in Fuel and Fuel-associated Water With Sample Concentration by Filtration
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2704-17a - Standard Specification for Air-Fed Protective Ensembles
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8068-19 - Standard Practice for Collection of Culturable Airborne Fungi or Bacteria on Agar Plates by Inertial Impaction Systems
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007

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ASTM F1671-07 - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test SystemASTM F1671-07 - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System
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ASTM F1671-07 - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F1671 − 07
StandardTest Method for
Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to
Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174
1
Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1671; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Workers, primarily those in the health care profession, involved in treating and caring for
individualsinjuredorsick,canbeexposedtobiologicalliquidscapableoftransmittingdisease.These
diseases, which may be caused by a variety of microorganisms, can pose significant risks to life and
health.This is especially true of blood-borne viruses which cause Hepatitis [Hepatitis BVirus (HBV)
and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)] and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) [Human
ImmunodeficiencyVirus (HIV)]. Since engineering controls can not eliminate all possible exposures,
attention is placed on reducing the potential of direct skin contact through the use of protective
clothing that resists penetration (29 CFR Part 1910.1030). This test method was developed to assess
theeffectivenessofmaterialsusedinprotectiveclothingforprotectingtheweareragainstcontactwith
blood-bornepathogensusingasurrogatemicrobesuspendedinabodyfluidsimulantunderconditions
of continuous contact.
1. Scope 1.4 This test method addresses only the performance of
materials or certain material constructions (for example,
1.1 This test method is used to measure the resistance of
seams) used in protective clothing and determined to be viral
materials used in protective clothing to penetration by blood-
resistant.This test method does not address the design, overall
bornepathogensusingasurrogatemicrobeunderconditionsof
construction and components, or interfaces of garments or
continuousliquidcontact.Protectiveclothingmaterialpass/fail
otherfactorswhichmayaffecttheoverallprotectionofferedby
determinations are based on the detection of viral penetration.
the protective clothing.
1.1.1 This test method is not always effective in testing
protective clothing materials having thick, inner liners which 1.5 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be
readily absorb the liquid assay fluid. regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system must be used independently of the other, without
1.2 This test method does not apply to all forms or condi-
combining values in any way.
tions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
methodshouldreviewmodesforworker/clothingexposureand
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
applications.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.3 This test method has been specifically defined for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
modeling the viral penetration of Hepatitis (B and C) and
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses transmitted in blood and
2. Referenced Documents
other potentially infectious body fluids. Inferences for protec-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion from other pathogens must be assessed on a case-by-case
D1331Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of
basis.
Solutions of Surface-Active Agents
D1777Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF23onPersonal
ProtectiveClothingandEquipmentandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
2
F23.40 on Biological. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published February 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F1671–03. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F1671-07. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1671 − 07
D3776Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of isPhi-X174.ThePhi-X174Bacteriophageisnotpathogenicto
Fabric humans, but serves to simulate viruses that are pathogenic to
D3862Test Method for Retention Characteristics of 0.2-µm humans.
Membrane Filters Used in Routine Filtration Procedures
3.1.6 blood-borne pathogen, n—an infectious bacterium or
for the Evaluation of Microbiological Water Quality
virus, or other disease inducing microbe carried in blood o
...

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This specification establishes the requirements for the performance, documentation, and labeling of surgical gowns used in the healthcare facilities. It does not however cover all the requirements that a healthcare facility deems necessary to select a product, nor does it address criteria for evaluating experimental products. Barrier testing shall be conducted to determine the impact penetration, hydrostatic resistance, and viral penetration resistance performance of the critical zone(s) of the surgical gown. The physical properties of the critical zone(s) of the surgical gown shall also be tested and shall conform to the following requirements: tensile strength, tear resistance, seam strength, lint generation, evaporative resistance, and water vapor transmission rate. General safety requirements shall be set based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, flame spread, and natural rubber latex specifications.
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4.1 This specification provides minimum requirements for surgical gowns used for protection of healthcare workers where the potential for exposure to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials exists. The specification requires barrier testing based on the system of classifying gowns established in ANSI/AAMI PB70 and sets general safety requirements for surgical gowns based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, and flame spread. Performance requirements are established for important physical properties, including tensile strength, tear strength, and seam strength. Methods to be used for optional reporting of performance of linting resistance, evaporative resistance, water vapor transmission rate, and abrasion resistance are provided.  
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4.3 Surgical gowns are either multiple-use or single-use products as designated by the manufacturer. This specification is intended to provide the basis for manufacturer claims for surgical gown performance and efficacy. For multiple-use gowns, this specification takes into account the anticipated care and maintenance of these products by examining test requirements for surgical gown materials both before and after the maximum expected number of cycles for laundering and sterilization.  
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Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is based on Test Method F903 for measuring resistance of chemical protective clothing materials to penetration by liquids. This test method is normally used to evaluate specimens from individual finished items of protective clothing and individual samples of materials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.  
5.1.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves, arm shields, aprons, gowns, coveralls, hoods, and boots.  
5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” encompasses seamed and other discontinuous regions, as well as the usual continuous regions of protective clothing items.  
5.2 It is known that body fluids penetrating protective clothing materials are likely to carry microbiological contaminants; however, visual detection methods are not sensitive enough to detect minute amounts of liquid containing microorganisms (1-3).7 This test method uses media containing Phi-X174 Bacteriophage. The visual detection technique of this test method is supplemented with a biologically based assay capable of detecting virus under the specified test conditions.  
5.3 Test Method F1670/F1670M allows the screening of protective clothing materials for resistance to penetration with synthetic blood as a challenge liquid. Test Method F1670/F1670M uses the same penetration test cell and technique, but exposes material specimens to synthetic blood with visual detection of liquid penetration. Materials passing Test Method F1670/F1670M should then be tested against bacteriophage penetration using this test method to verify performance.  
5.4 This test method has been specifically designed for measuring penetration of a surrogate microbe for Hepatitis (B and C) and the Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. The surrogate, Phi-X174 Bacteriophage, used in this test method is similar to HCV in size and shape but also serves as a surrogate for HBV and HIV. Inferences about protection from other pathogens must be assessed on a case-by-case basi...
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1.1 This test method is used to measure the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by blood-borne pathogens using a surrogate microbe under conditions of continuous liquid contact. Protective clothing material pass/fail determinations are based on the detection of viral penetration.  
1.1.1 This test method is not always effective in testing protective clothing materials having thick, inner liners which readily absorb the liquid assay fluid.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method should review modes for worker/clothing exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific applications.  
1.3 This test method has been specifically defined for modeling the viral penetration of Hepatitis (B and C) and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses transmitted in blood and other potentially infectious body fluids. Inferences for protection from other pathogens must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.  
1.4 This test method addresses only the performance of materials or certain material constructions (for example, seams) used in protective clothing and determined to be viral resistant. This test method does not address the design, overall construction and components, or interfaces of garments or other factors which may affect the overall protection offered by the protective clothing.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
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Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic Blood Using a Mechanical Pressure Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was modeled after a procedure commonly known as the Elbow Lean Test.8 The Elbow Lean Test involves the application of synthetic blood to an ink pad, placement of sample fabric over the blood-soaked pad, placement of a blotter over the sample fabric, and applying elbow or fingertip pressure on top of the blotter. The blotter is then examined for staining as evidence of blood penetration. This test method provides similar procedures which standardize the test equipment and application of pressure through an adopted methodology.  
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5.3 This test method uses predominately mechanical pressure as opposed to contained, hydrostatic pressure to demonstrate liquid penetration resistance (1, 2) . It simulates a single insult in which the outer surfaces of a protective clothing item are compressed at a steady rate by the wearer's body against a wet surface. This steady rate of compression represents one potential use scenario. Other scenarios may result in a wide variety of pressure ramp rates and profiles that are not simulated by the test apparatus.  
5.4 Because this test method provides quantitative results, it is useful for discriminating differences in the liquid barrier performance of protective clothing materials. This test method can be used for measuring differences in the penetration pressure for protective clothing materials which do not pass Test Method F1670/F1670M.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic Blood

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is based on Test Method F903 for measuring resistance of chemical protective clothing materials to penetration by liquids. This test method is normally used to evaluate specimens from individual finished items of protective clothing and individual samples of materials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.  
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5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” encompasses seamed and other discontinuous regions as well as the usual continuous regions of protective clothing items.  
5.2 Medical protective clothing materials are intended to be a barrier to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. Many factors can affect the wetting and penetration characteristics of body fluids, such as surface tension, viscosity, and polarity of the fluid, as well as the structure and relative hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the materials. The surface tension range for blood and body fluids (excluding saliva) is approximately 0.042 to 0.060 N/m (1) .7 To help simulate the wetting characteristics of blood and body fluids, the surface tension of the synthetic blood is adjusted to approximate the lower end of this surface tension range. The resulting surface tension of the synthetic blood is approximately 0.042 ± 0.002 N/m.  
5.3 The synthetic blood mixture is prepared with a red dye to aid in visual detection and a thickening agent to simulate the flow characteristics of blood.  
5.4 Part of the protocol in Procedures A and B in Table 1 for exposing the protective clothing material specimens with synthetic blood involves pressurization of the test cell to 13.8 kPa [2 psig]. This hydrostatic pressure has been documented to discriminate between protective clothing material performance and to correlate with visual penetration results that are obtained with a human factors validation (2). Some studies, however,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by synthetic blood under conditions of continuous liquid contact. Protective clothing  pass/fail determinations are based on visual detection of synthetic blood penetration.  
1.1.1 This test method is not always effective in testing protective clothing materials having thick, inner liners which readily absorb the synthetic blood.  
1.2 This test method is a means for selecting protective clothing materials for subsequent testing with a more sophisticated barrier test as described in Test Method F1671.  
1.3 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method must review modes for work/clothing exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific application.  
1.4 This test method addresses only the performance of materials or certain material constructions (for example, seams) used in protective clothing. This test method does not address the design, overall construction and components, or interfaces of garments, or other factors which may affect the overall protection offered by the protective clothing.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pri...

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ASTM F2407/F2407M-23a(Specification)
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ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for the performance, documentation, and labeling of surgical gowns used in the healthcare facilities. It does not however cover all the requirements that a healthcare facility deems necessary to select a product, nor does it address criteria for evaluating experimental products. Barrier testing shall be conducted to determine the impact penetration, hydrostatic resistance, and viral penetration resistance performance of the critical zone(s) of the surgical gown. The physical properties of the critical zone(s) of the surgical gown shall also be tested and shall conform to the following requirements: tensile strength, tear resistance, seam strength, lint generation, evaporative resistance, and water vapor transmission rate. General safety requirements shall be set based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, flame spread, and natural rubber latex specifications.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification provides minimum requirements for surgical gowns used for protection of healthcare workers where the potential for exposure to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials exists. The specification requires barrier testing based on the system of classifying gowns established in ANSI/AAMI PB70 and sets general safety requirements for surgical gowns based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, and flame spread. Performance requirements are established for important physical properties, including tensile strength, tear strength, and seam strength. Methods to be used for optional reporting of performance of linting resistance, evaporative resistance, water vapor transmission rate, and abrasion resistance are provided.  
4.2 This specification does not address protective clothing used for nonsurgical applications, such as isolation gowns or decontamination gowns; protective clothing for the hands, such as surgical gloves, patient examination gloves, or other medical gloves; protective clothing for the head, such as goggles or face shields, surgical caps or hoods, surgical masks, or respirators; protective clothing for the feet, such as operating room shoes, shoe covers, or surgical boots; or other types of protective clothing and equipment worn by healthcare providers.  
4.3 Surgical gowns are either multiple-use or single-use products as designated by the manufacturer. This specification is intended to provide the basis for manufacturer claims for surgical gown performance and efficacy. For multiple-use gowns, this specification takes into account the anticipated care and maintenance of these products by examining test requirements for surgical gown materials both before and after the maximum expected number of cycles for laundering and sterilization.  
4.4 Additional information on the processing of multiple-use surgical gowns is provided in ANSI/AAMI ST65.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for the performance, documentation, and labeling of surgical gowns used in healthcare facilities. Four levels of barrier properties for surgical gowns are specified in ANSI/AAMI PB70 and are included in this specification for reference purposes.
Note 1: Some properties require minimum performance and others are for documentation only.
Note 2: ANSI/AAMI PB70 evaluates the barrier properties of surgical gown fabrics using water only in Levels 1, 2, and 3. Since surgical gowns are exposed to blood and other fluids with different surface tensions, the performance of additional testing to identify the barrier levels to simulated biological fluids is required for a Level 4 gown.  
1.2 This specification does not cover all the requirements that a healthcare facility deems necessary to select a product, nor does it address criteria for evaluating experimental products.  
1.3 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchase...

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ASTM F1671/F1671M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is based on Test Method F903 for measuring resistance of chemical protective clothing materials to penetration by liquids. This test method is normally used to evaluate specimens from individual finished items of protective clothing and individual samples of materials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.  
5.1.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves, arm shields, aprons, gowns, coveralls, hoods, and boots.  
5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” encompasses seamed and other discontinuous regions, as well as the usual continuous regions of protective clothing items.  
5.2 It is known that body fluids penetrating protective clothing materials are likely to carry microbiological contaminants; however, visual detection methods are not sensitive enough to detect minute amounts of liquid containing microorganisms (1-3).7 This test method uses media containing Phi-X174 Bacteriophage. The visual detection technique of this test method is supplemented with a biologically based assay capable of detecting virus under the specified test conditions.  
5.3 Test Method F1670/F1670M allows the screening of protective clothing materials for resistance to penetration with synthetic blood as a challenge liquid. Test Method F1670/F1670M uses the same penetration test cell and technique, but exposes material specimens to synthetic blood with visual detection of liquid penetration. Materials passing Test Method F1670/F1670M should then be tested against bacteriophage penetration using this test method to verify performance.  
5.4 This test method has been specifically designed for measuring penetration of a surrogate microbe for Hepatitis (B and C) and the Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. The surrogate, Phi-X174 Bacteriophage, used in this test method is similar to HCV in size and shape but also serves as a surrogate for HBV and HIV. Inferences about protection from other pathogens must be assessed on a case-by-case basi...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to measure the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by blood-borne pathogens using a surrogate microbe under conditions of continuous liquid contact. Protective clothing material pass/fail determinations are based on the detection of viral penetration.  
1.1.1 This test method is not always effective in testing protective clothing materials having thick, inner liners which readily absorb the liquid assay fluid.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method should review modes for worker/clothing exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific applications.  
1.3 This test method has been specifically defined for modeling the viral penetration of Hepatitis (B and C) and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses transmitted in blood and other potentially infectious body fluids. Inferences for protection from other pathogens must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.  
1.4 This test method addresses only the performance of materials or certain material constructions (for example, seams) used in protective clothing and determined to be viral resistant. This test method does not address the design, overall construction and components, or interfaces of garments or other factors which may affect the overall protection offered by the protective clothing.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This i...

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ASTM F1819-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic Blood Using a Mechanical Pressure Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was modeled after a procedure commonly known as the Elbow Lean Test.8 The Elbow Lean Test involves the application of synthetic blood to an ink pad, placement of sample fabric over the blood-soaked pad, placement of a blotter over the sample fabric, and applying elbow or fingertip pressure on top of the blotter. The blotter is then examined for staining as evidence of blood penetration. This test method provides similar procedures which standardize the test equipment and application of pressure through an adopted methodology.  
5.2 This test method is intended to simulate actual use conditions wherein areas of the healthcare worker's protective clothing are soaked with blood and compressed between the patient's body and that of the healthcare worker, or similarly between the healthcare worker and instruments. In both cases, unconfined blood can move away from the pressure point taking the path of least resistance rather than being contained as in Test Methods F1670/F1670M and F1671/F1671M.  
5.3 This test method uses predominately mechanical pressure as opposed to contained, hydrostatic pressure to demonstrate liquid penetration resistance (1, 2) . It simulates a single insult in which the outer surfaces of a protective clothing item are compressed at a steady rate by the wearer's body against a wet surface. This steady rate of compression represents one potential use scenario. Other scenarios may result in a wide variety of pressure ramp rates and profiles that are not simulated by the test apparatus.  
5.4 Because this test method provides quantitative results, it is useful for discriminating differences in the liquid barrier performance of protective clothing materials. This test method can be used for measuring differences in the penetration pressure for protective clothing materials which do not pass Test Method F1670/F1670M.  
5.5 This test method is normally used to evaluate specimens from individual finished items of protective cloth...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to synthetic blood under the conditions of liquid contact and increasing direct mechanical pressure. The penetration resistance of protective clothing is based on visual detection of synthetic blood penetration at a specific applied mechanical pressure.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method must review modes for work/clothing exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific application.  
1.3 This test method addresses only the performance of materials or certain material constructions (for example, seams) used in protective clothing. This test method does not address the design, overall construction, components, or interfaces of garments, or other factors which may affect the overall protection offered by the protective clothing.  
1.4 The values in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1670/F1670M-17a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic Blood

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is based on Test Method F903 for measuring resistance of chemical protective clothing materials to penetration by liquids. This test method is normally used to evaluate specimens from individual finished items of protective clothing and individual samples of materials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.  
5.1.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves, arm shields, aprons, gowns, coveralls, hoods, and boots.  
5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” encompasses seamed and other discontinuous regions as well as the usual continuous regions of protective clothing items.  
5.2 Medical protective clothing materials are intended to be a barrier to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. Many factors can affect the wetting and penetration characteristics of body fluids, such as surface tension, viscosity, and polarity of the fluid, as well as the structure and relative hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the materials. The surface tension range for blood and body fluids (excluding saliva) is approximately 0.042 to 0.060 N/m (1) .7 To help simulate the wetting characteristics of blood and body fluids, the surface tension of the synthetic blood is adjusted to approximate the lower end of this surface tension range. The resulting surface tension of the synthetic blood is approximately 0.042 ± 0.002 N/m.  
5.3 The synthetic blood mixture is prepared with a red dye to aid in visual detection and a thickening agent to simulate the flow characteristics of blood.  
5.4 Part of the protocol in Procedures A and B in Table 1 for exposing the protective clothing material specimens with synthetic blood involves pressurization of the test cell to 13.8 kPa [2 psig]. This hydrostatic pressure has been documented to discriminate between protective clothing material performance and to correlate with visual penetration results that are obtained with a human factors validation (2). Some studies, however,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by synthetic blood under conditions of continuous liquid contact. Protective clothing  pass/fail determinations are based on visual detection of synthetic blood penetration.  
1.1.1 This test method is not always effective in testing protective clothing materials having thick, inner liners which readily absorb the synthetic blood.  
1.2 This test method is a means for selecting protective clothing materials for subsequent testing with a more sophisticated barrier test as described in Test Method F1671.  
1.3 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method must review modes for work/clothing exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific application.  
1.4 This test method addresses only the performance of materials or certain material constructions (for example, seams) used in protective clothing. This test method does not address the design, overall construction and components, or interfaces of garments, or other factors which may affect the overall protection offered by the protective clothing.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pri...

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ASTM
ASTM B637-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening and Cold Worked Nickel Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for Moderate or High Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for moderate or high temperature service (Table 1).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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