ASTM D4814-23a
(Specification)Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
ABSTRACT
This specification describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The spark-ignition engine fuels covered here are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers, and not fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as fuel methanol (M85). This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through September 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. Territories. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers and where gasoline is the primary component by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. The composition of fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but its properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatory authorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other compounds found in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those approved under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers including some restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control additive certification, and use of oxygenates in the fuel. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are described in Monograph 12 (MONO12) on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel.2 However, in addition to the legal requi...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4814 − 23a
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* partial waivers including some restrictions on vehicle and
equipment use (see X3.3.2). With regard to fuel properties,
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of require-
including volatility, this specification can be more or less
ments of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped
restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer
with spark-ignition engines.
to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of
volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, ben-
automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating
zene content, deposit control additive certification, and use of
conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water
oxygenates in the fuel. Contact the EPA for the latest versions
tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal
of the rules and additional requirements.
climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the
1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-
period May 1 through September 15, the maximum vapor
acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Refor-
pressure limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmen-
mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to
tal Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographi-
lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-
cal area except Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. Territories.
istics are described in Monograph 12 (MONO12) on reformu-
Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic
2
lated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the
changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This
legal requirements found in MONO12, reformulated spark-
specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that
ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements
are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily ex-
found in this specification.
cludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain
operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance 1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive
of each of the properties of this specification is shown in fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
Appendix X1. continuous review, which can result in revisions based on
changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi-
combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,
cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as
should refer to the latest edition.
alcohols and ethers and where gasoline is the primary compo-
nent by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification
D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.
oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification.
The composition of fuel is limited by economic, legal, and
1.6 The type of fuel under consideration must first be
technical consideration, but its properties, including volatility,
identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method
are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatory
D4815 provides a procedure for determining oxygenate con-
authorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations
centration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also includes
that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other
procedures for calculating mass oxygen content and oxygenate
compounds found in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United
concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides a
States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those
procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuel
approved under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s
using measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in
(EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and
volume percent, and measured density or relative density of the
fuel.
1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this
1
This specification is under the jurisdic
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4814 − 23 D4814 − 23a
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with
spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It
provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at
the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through September 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the
United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska, Hawaii, and
the U.S. Territories. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This
specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes
fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the
properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and
ethers and where gasoline is the primary component by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not
specifically limited in this specification. The composition of fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but
its properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatory authorities having jurisdiction
have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other compounds found in spark-ignition
engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those approved under the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency’s (EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers including some restrictions on
vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification can be more or less
restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel
volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control additive certification, and use of
oxygenates in the fuel. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated
spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are
2
described in Monograph 12 (MONO12) on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal
requirements found in MONO12, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in this
specification.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2023Dec. 1, 2023. Published September 2023December 2023. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20222023
as D4814 – 22.D4814 – 23. DOI: 10.1520/D4814-23.10.1520/D4814-23A.
2
MONO12, “U.S. Reformulated Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel and the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard” is available from ASTM International Headquarters.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4814 − 23a
1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
continuous re
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4814 − 23a
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* partial waivers including some restrictions on vehicle and
equipment use (see X3.3.2). With regard to fuel properties,
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of require-
including volatility, this specification can be more or less
ments of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped
restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer
with spark-ignition engines.
to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of
volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, ben-
automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating
zene content, deposit control additive certification, and use of
conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water
oxygenates in the fuel. Contact the EPA for the latest versions
tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal
of the rules and additional requirements.
climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the
1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-
period May 1 through September 15, the maximum vapor
acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Refor-
pressure limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmen-
mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to
tal Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographi-
lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-
cal area except Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. Territories.
istics are described in Monograph 12 (MONO12) on reformu-
Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic
2
lated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the
changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This
legal requirements found in MONO12, reformulated spark-
specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that
ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements
are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily ex-
found in this specification.
cludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain
operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance 1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive
of each of the properties of this specification is shown in fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
Appendix X1. continuous review, which can result in revisions based on
changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi-
combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,
cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as
should refer to the latest edition.
alcohols and ethers and where gasoline is the primary compo-
nent by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification
D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.
oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification.
The composition of fuel is limited by economic, legal, and
1.6 The type of fuel under consideration must first be
technical consideration, but its properties, including volatility,
identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method
are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatory
D4815 provides a procedure for determining oxygenate con-
authorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations
centration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also includes
that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other
procedures for calculating mass oxygen content and oxygenate
compounds found in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United
concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides a
States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those
procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuel
approved under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s
using measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in
(EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and
volume percent, and measured density or relative density of the
fuel.
1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
standard: For purposes of determining conformance with these
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lub
...
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