ASTM E800-14
(Guide)Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires
Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Because of the loss of life in fires from inhalation of fire gases, much attention has been focused on the analyses of these species. Analysis has involved several new or modified methods, since common analytical techniques have often proven to be inappropriate for the combinations of various gases and low concentrations existing in fire gas mixtures.
4.2 In the measurement of fire gases, it is imperative to use procedures that are both reliable and appropriate to the unique atmosphere of a given fire environment. To maximize the reliability of test results, it is essential to establish the following:
4.2.1 That gaseous samples are representative of the compositions existing at the point of sampling,
4.2.2 That transfer and pretreatment of samples occur without loss, or with known efficiency, and
4.2.3 That data provided by the analytical instruments are accurate for the compositions and concentrations at the point of sampling.
4.3 This document includes a comprehensive survey that will permit an individual, technically skilled and practiced in the study of analytical chemistry, to select a suitable technique from among the alternatives. It will not provide enough information for the setup and use of a procedure (this information is available in the references).
4.4 Data generated by the use of techniques cited in this document should not be used to rank materials for regulatory purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 Analytical methods for the measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons are described, along with sampling considerations. Many of these gases may be present in any fire environment. Several analytical techniques are described for each gaseous species, together with advantages and disadvantages of each. The test environment, sampling constraints, analytical range, and accuracy often dictate use of one analytical method over another.
1.2 These techniques have been used to measure gases under fire test conditions (laboratory, small scale, or full scale). With proper sampling considerations, any of these methods could be used for measurement in most fire environments.
1.3 This document is intended to be a guide for investigators and for subcommittee use in developing standard test methods. A single analytical technique has not been recommended for any chemical species unless that technique is the only one available.
1.4 The techniques described herein determine the concentration of a specific gas in the total sample taken. These techniques do not determine the total amount of fire gases that would be generated by a specimen during conduct of a fire test.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assembles to heat and flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E800 − 14 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E800; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Analytical methods for the measurement of carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
oxides, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide,
aldehydes, and hydrocarbons are described, along with sam- Atmospheres
D2036 Test Methods for Cyanides in Water
pling considerations. Many of these gases may be present in
any fire environment. Several analytical techniques are de- D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
scribed for each gaseous species, together with advantages and
disadvantages of each. The test environment, sampling D3612 Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved in
Electrical Insulating Oil by Gas Chromatography
constraints, analytical range, and accuracy often dictate use of
one analytical method over another. D6348 Test Method for Determination of Gaseous Com-
pounds by Extractive Direct Interface Fourier Transform
1.2 These techniques have been used to measure gases
Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
under fire test conditions (laboratory, small scale, or full scale).
D6696 Guide for Understanding Cyanide Species
With proper sampling considerations, any of these methods
D6888 Test Method for Available Cyanide with Ligand
could be used for measurement in most fire environments.
Displacement and Flow InjectionAnalysis (FIA) Utilizing
1.3 Thisdocumentisintendedtobeaguideforinvestigators
Gas Diffusion Separation and Amperometric Detection
and for subcommittee use in developing standard test methods.
D7295 Practice for Sampling and Determination of Hydro-
A single analytical technique has not been recommended for
gen Cyanide (HCN) in Combustion Effluents and Other
any chemical species unless that technique is the only one
Stationary Sources
available.
D7365 Practice for Sampling, Preservation and Mitigating
Interferences in Water Samples for Analysis of Cyanide
1.4 The techniques described herein determine the concen-
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
tration of a specific gas in the total sample taken. These
Building Materials
techniques do not determine the total amount of fire gases that
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
wouldbegeneratedbyaspecimenduringconductofafiretest.
E535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Stan-
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the
dards
responseofmaterials,products,orassemblestoheatandflame
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate
E662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke
all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
Generated by Solid Materials
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions—Definitions used in this guide are in accor-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dancewithTerminologyD123,TerminologyD1356,Terminol-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ogy E176, and Practice E535 unless otherwise indicated.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 batch sampling—sampling over some time period in
such a way as to produce a single test sample for analysis.
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFireStandards
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and Combustion
2
Products. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E800 – 07. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0800-14. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E800 − 14
3
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E800 − 07 E800 − 14 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E800; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 Analytical methods for the measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides,
carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons are described, along with sampling
considerations. Many of these gases may be present in any fire environment. Several analytical techniques are described for each
gaseous species, together with advantages and disadvantages of each. The test environment, sampling constraints, analytical range,
and accuracy often dictate use of one analytical method over another.
1.2 These techniques have been used to measure gases under fire test conditions (laboratory, small scale, or full scale). With
proper sampling considerations, any of these methods could be used for measurement in most fire environments.
1.3 This document is intended to be a guide for investigators and for subcommittee use in developing standard test methods.
A single analytical technique has not been recommended for any chemical species unless that technique is the only one available.
1.4 The techniques described herein determine the concentration of a specific gas in the total sample taken. These techniques
do not determine the total amount of fire gases that would be generated by a specimen during conduct of a fire test.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assembles to heat and flame under
controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D2036 Test Methods for Cyanides in Water
D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
D3612 Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved in Electrical Insulating Oil by Gas Chromatography
D6348 Test Method for Determination of Gaseous Compounds by Extractive Direct Interface Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
Spectroscopy
D6696 Guide for Understanding Cyanide Species
D6888 Test Method for Available Cyanide with Ligand Displacement and Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) Utilizing Gas Diffusion
Separation and Amperometric Detection
D7295 Practice for Sampling and Determination of Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) in Combustion Effluents and Other Stationary
Sources
D7365 Practice for Sampling, Preservation and Mitigating Interferences in Water Samples for Analysis of Cyanide
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and Combustion
Products.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007Nov. 15, 2014. Published August 2007December 2014. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20062007
as E800 – 06.E800 – 07. DOI: 10.1520/E0800-07.10.1520/E0800-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E800 − 14
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
E662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generate
...
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