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ASTM D4979-95

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Physical Description Screening Analysis in Waste

Standard Test Method for Physical Description Screening Analysis in Waste

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to identify wastes by describing certain physical properties. It has been developed as a rapid but effective means for visually screening wastes.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard information is given in Section 7 and 9.1.6.1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1994
ICS
13.030.40 - Installations and equipment for waste disposal and treatment
Technical Committee
D34 - Waste Management
Drafting Committee
D34.01.05 - Screening Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4979-95(2003) - Standard Test Method for Physical Description Screening Analysis in Waste
Effective Date
15-Jun-1995
Referred By
ASTM D5232-19 - Standard Practice for Determining the Stability and Miscibility of a Solid, Semi-Solid, or Liquid Waste Material
Effective Date
01-Jan-1995

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ASTM D4979-95 - Standard Test Method for Physical Description Screening Analysis in Waste
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4979 – 95
Standard Test Method for
Physical Description Screening Analysis in Waste
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4979; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 6.2 Clear Glass Sample Containers.
1.1 This test method is used to identify wastes by describing
7. Hazards
certain physical properties. It has been developed as a rapid but
7.1 Avoid inhalation and skin or eye contact, or both, with
effective means for visually screening wastes.
any hazardous materials.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
7.2 This procedure must be carried out within a laboratory
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fume hood.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
8. Sampling
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard
8.1 Samples should be obtained in clear glass containers.
information is given in Section 7 and 9.1.6.
8.2 Liquid samples may require time to stabilize (that is,
until layers reform).
2. Terminology
8.3 It may be helpful to pick up the sample container and
2.1 Description of Term Specific to This Standard:
tilt, rotate, swirl, invert it or to manipulate the sample with a
2.1.1 screening analysis—a preliminary qualitative or semi-
clean, disposable spatula or eye dropper.
quantitative test that is designed to efficiently give the user
8.4 If necessary, allow the sample to come to room tem-
specific information about a waste that will aid in determining
perature in a sealed container. For example, frozen material
waste identification, process compatibility, and safety in han-
should be allowed to thaw completely.
dling.
9. Procedures
3. Summary of Test Method
9.1 Inspect the waste sample and describe the physical
3.1 Samples are inspected and the physical appearance is
attributes noting the following areas.
recorded, including color, turbidity, viscosity, physical state,
9.1.1 Color—Describe the visual color of the sample. If
layering, and any other observable attribute (for example,
more than one color is present, list colors in decreasing order
texture).
of prominence. Additional descriptive terms may be useful (for
4. Significance and Use example, purple with swirls of blue and flecks of yellow).
9.1.2 Turbidity—Describe liquid samples or liquid portions
4.1 This test method is intended for use by those in the
of samples in terms of clear (transparent), cloudy (translucent),
waste management industries to aid in describing the physical
or opaque.
characteristics of waste.
9.1.3 Viscosity—Describe the viscosity of liquids and slud-
4.2 This test method can be used in identifying discrepan-
ges. Describe viscosity in reference to viscosity like water,
cies between the waste, manifest, and historical descriptions.
medium viscosity like syrup or motor oil, or high viscosity like
5. Interferences
molasses or warm tar. Tip the container sideways or invert to
note the viscosity. If a sample is tipped 90° for 5 s and has no
5.1 Opaque sample containers require removal of a repre-
visible flow, report it as such.
sentative sample sufficient for complete observation. It is
9.1.4 Physical State—Describe as liquid, solid, sludge,
recomme
...

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4.1 This test method is intended as a means for obtaining sequential extracts of a waste. The extracts may be used to estimate the release of certain constituents of the waste under the laboratory conditions described in this test method.  
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ASTM D7204-23(Practice)
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4.1 This practice can be used in sampling ash from a kiln or incinerator, soils, and process waste from conveying systems, such as a conveyer and vertical lifts. Some slurries, such as the bottom solids, can be sampled from the quench waters at the end of a kiln.  
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1.4 If the sole application of the test method is such a pass/fail comparison and an analysis of any one of the liquid fractions of the extract indicates that the concentration of the target analyte is so high that, even after accounting for dilution from the other fractions of the extract, it would be equal to or above an acceptance concentration level, then the waste fails the test. In such a case it may not be necessary to analyze the remaining fractions of the extract.  
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SCOPE
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1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for collecting samples of unconsolidated solids in drums or similar containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less. These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product, or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements should be described in the site-specific work plan.  
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4.1 This guide is suitable for sampling heterogeneous wastes.  
4.2 The focus of this guidance is on wastes; however, the approach described in this guide may be applicable to non-waste populations as well.  
4.3 Sections 5 – 10 describe a guide for the sampling of heterogeneous waste according to project objectives. Appendix X1 describes an application of the guide to heterogeneous wastes. The user is strongly advised to read Annex A1 prior to reading and employing Sections 5 – 10 of this guide.  
4.4 Annex A1 contains an introductory discussion of heterogeneity, stratification, and the relationship of samples and populations.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide is a practical, nonmathematical discussion for heterogeneous waste sampling strategies. This guide is consistent with the particulate material sampling theory as well as inferential statistics, and may serve as an introduction to the statistical treatment of sampling issues.  
1.2 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures, nor does it serve as a guide to any specification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure appropriate procedures are used.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Waste from Trucks

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for use in the waste management industries to collect samples of unconsolidated waste from trucks. The sampling procedures described are general and should be used in conjunction with a site-specific work plan.  
5.2 The purpose of collecting waste samples directly from a truck (rather than the waste source) is often to verify (usually with screening analyses) that the waste contained in the truck is the same or similar material from a waste source that has been previously characterized and approved for treatment or disposal, or both. Additionally, it may be a safer or logistically easier to sample the waste from a truck over the waste source.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers several methods for collecting waste samples from trucks. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling unconsolidated solid wastes in bulk loads using several types of sampling equipment.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for specific precautionary statements.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4982-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Flammability Potential Screening Analysis of Waste

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are intended for use by those in the waste management industries to aid in identifying the flammability potential or waste materials. In addition to the test methods described here, flash points specific to liquid waste can be determined according to Test Method D8174 or D8175.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are used to indicate the fire-producing or fire-sustaining potential of wastes. The following test methods can be applied to waste liquids, sludges, or solids:    
Sections  
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8 – 10  
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1.3 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.4 These test methods are designed and intended as preliminary tests to complement quantitative analytical techniques that are useful to determine flammability. These test methods offer the option and the ability to screen waste for hazardous flammability potential when the analytical techniques are not available or the total waste composition is unknown.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard information is given in Section 6, 9.3.1, and 10.4.3.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5058-12(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Compatibility of Screening Analysis of Waste

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
8.1 This practice is intended for use by those in the waste management industries to aid in determining the compatibility of hazardous wastes before they are commingled.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover assessment of the compatibility/reactivity of waste. The individual practices are as follows:    
Sections  
Practice A—Commingled Waste Compatibility  
8 – 12  
Practice B—Polymerization Potential (Reaction with  
Triethylamine)  
13 – 18  
Practice C—Water Compatibility  
19 – 25  
1.2 These practices are applicable to waste liquids, sludges, semi-solids, and solids.  
1.3 These practices are designed and intended as a preliminary or supplementary test to complement the more sophisticated quantitative analytical techniques that should be used to determine waste composition and compatibilities. This standard offers the user the option and the ability to screen wastes for potentially hazardous reactions when the more sophisticated techniques are not available and the total waste composition is unknown, and to screen compatibility when the composition is known. (Warning—Delayed or slow reactions of wastes may go unnoticed.)  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard and warning statements, see Sections 1.3, 6.1, 10, 11.2.3, 11.5.2, 16, and 23.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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