ASTM C848-88(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio For Ceramic Whitewares by Resonance
Standard Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio For Ceramic Whitewares by Resonance
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test system has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems in the measurement of ceramic whitewares.
3.1.1 Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing the possibility of fracture.
3.1.2 The period of time during which stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds, making it feasible to perform measurements at temperatures where delayed elastic and creep effects proceed on a much-shortened time scale.
3.2 This test method is suitable for detecting whether a material meets specifications, if cognizance is given to one important fact: ceramic whiteware materials are sensitive to thermal history. Therefore, the thermal history of a test specimen must be known before the moduli can be considered in terms of specified values. Material specifications should include a specific thermal treatment for all test specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic properties of ceramic whiteware materials. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonance frequencies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and mechanical resonance frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. Young’s modulus is determined using the resonance frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonance vibrations. Young’s modulus and shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio, the factor of lateral contraction.
1.2 All ceramic whiteware materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic may be tested by this test method.2 This test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that represent inhomogeneities in the material; neither is it satisfactory when these materials cannot be prepared in a suitable geometry.
Note 1: Elastic here means that an application of stress within the elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause an instantaneous and uniform deformation, which will cease upon removal of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original size and shape without an energy loss. Many ceramic whiteware materials conform to this definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
Note 2: Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all directions in the material.
1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of temperature from −195 to 1200°C.
1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is determined for a piece with a particular geometry and density. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each piece need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonance frequency that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are within specified tolerances.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C848 − 88 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio For
1
Ceramic Whitewares by Resonance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope determined for a piece with a particular geometry and density.
Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic
frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each piece
properties of ceramic whiteware materials. Specimens of these
need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected
materials possess specific mechanical resonance frequencies
frequency range are known to include the resonance frequency
which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and geometry
that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are
of the test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of a
within specified tolerances.
material can be computed if the geometry, density, and me-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
chanical resonance frequencies of a suitable test specimen of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
that material can be measured.Young’s modulus is determined
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
using the resonance frequency in the flexural mode of vibra-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tion.The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
torsional resonance vibrations. Young’s modulus and shear
modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio, the factor of
2. Summary of Test Method
lateral contraction.
2.1 This test method measures the resonance frequencies of
1.2 All ceramic whiteware materials that are elastic,
2
test bars of suitable geometry by exciting them at continuously
homogeneous,andisotropicmaybetestedbythistestmethod.
variable frequencies. Mechanical excitation of the specimen is
This test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have
provided through use of a transducer that transforms an initial
cracks or voids that represent inhomogeneities in the material;
electrical signal into a mechanical vibration. Another trans-
neither is it satisfactory when these materials cannot be
ducer senses the resulting mechanical vibrations of the speci-
prepared in a suitable geometry.
men and transforms them into an electrical signal that can be
NOTE 1—Elastic here means that an application of stress within the
displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope to detect resonance.
elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause
Theresonancefrequencies,thedimensions,andthemassofthe
aninstantaneousanduniformdeformation,whichwillceaseuponremoval
specimen are used to calculateYoung’s modulus and the shear
ofthestress,withthebodyreturninginstantlytoitsoriginalsizeandshape
withoutanenergyloss.Manyceramicwhitewarematerialsconformtothis modulus.
definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
NOTE 2—Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all
3. Significance and Use
directions in the material.
3.1 This test system has advantages in certain respects over
1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are
theuseofstaticloadingsystemsinthemeasurementofceramic
described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of
whitewares.
temperature from−195 to 1200°C.
3.1.1 Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus
1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is minimizing the possibility of fracture.
possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is
3.1.2 The period of time during which stress is applied and
removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds, making
it feasible to perform measurements at temperatures where
1
delayed elastic and creep effects proceed on a much-shortened
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
time scale.
C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
3.2 This test method is suitable for detecting whether a
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2016.PublishedJuly2016.Originallyapproved
in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C848–88(2011). DOI:
material meets specifications, if cognizance is given to one
10.1520/C0848-88R16.
important fact: ceramic whiteware materials are sensitive to
2
Spinner, S., and Tefft, W. E., “A Method for Determining Mechanical
thermal history. Therefore, the therma
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C848 − 88 (Reapproved 2011) C848 − 88 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio For
1
Ceramic Whitewares by Resonance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic properties of ceramic whiteware materials. Specimens of these
materials possess specific mechanical resonance frequencies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and geometry of the
test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and mechanical resonance
frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. Young’s modulus is determined using the resonance
frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonance
vibrations. Young’s modulus and shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio, the factor of lateral contraction.
2
1.2 All ceramic whiteware materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic may be tested by this test method. This test
method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that represent inhomogeneities in the material; neither is it
satisfactory when these materials cannot be prepared in a suitable geometry.
NOTE 1—Elastic here means that an application of stress within the elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause an
instantaneous and uniform deformation, which will cease upon removal of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original size and shape
without an energy loss. Many ceramic whiteware materials conform to this definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
NOTE 2—Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all directions in the material.
1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of
temperature from −195 to 1200°C.
1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is determined for
a piece with a particular geometry and density. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is
rejected. The actual modulus of each piece need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known
to include the resonance frequency that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are within specified tolerances.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Summary of Test Method
2.1 This test method measures the resonance frequencies of test bars of suitable geometry by exciting them at continuously
variable frequencies. Mechanical excitation of the specimen is provided through use of a transducer that transforms an initial
electrical signal into a mechanical vibration. Another transducer senses the resulting mechanical vibrations of the specimen and
transforms them into an electrical signal that can be displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope to detect resonance. The resonance
frequencies, the dimensions, and the mass of the specimen are used to calculate Young’s modulus and the shear modulus.
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test system has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems in the measurement of ceramic
whitewares.
3.1.1 Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing the possibility of fracture.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C21.03
on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
Current edition approved March 1, 2011July 1, 2016. Published March 2011July 2016. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
C848 – 88 (2011). (2006). DOI: 10.1520/C0848-88R11.10.1520/C0848-88R16.
2
Spinner, S., and Tefft, W. E., “A Method for Determining Mechanical Resonance Frequencies and
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.