ASTM D5111-99(2006)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations
Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The guide consolidates into one document, siting criteria and sampling strategies used routinely in various North American atmospheric deposition monitoring programs.
The guide leads the user through the steps of site selection, sampling frequency and sampling equipment selection, and presents quality assurance techniques and other considerations necessary to obtain a representative deposition sample for subsequent chemical analysis.
The guide extends Practice D 1357 to include specific guidelines for sampling atmospheric deposition including acidic deposition.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifying suitable locations and choosing appropriate sampling strategies for monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations. It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmospheric deposition monitoring networks.
1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates of the dominant inorganic constituents and trace metals found in acidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition and includes cloud water, fog and snow.
1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates of atmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many of the sampling methods presented can be applied to urban environments.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D5111 − 99(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Guide for
Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor
Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 collocated sampling—the use of more than one sam-
1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifying
pling device within a monitoring site.
suitablelocationsandchoosingappropriatesamplingstrategies
for monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations.
3.2.2 event sampling—a special form of intermittent sam-
It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmo- pling (Terminology D1356) where the duration of a sampling
spheric deposition monitoring networks.
period is defined as a single, discrete occurrence of
precipitation, dew, fog or frost.
1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates of
the dominant inorganic constituents and trace metals found in 3.2.3 fetch—a vector within the local area which describes
acidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition and the direction and area of, or within, an air mass that will be
includes cloud water, fog and snow. sampled by a sampling device.
3.2.4 filter-pack—a sampling device comprised of one or
1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates of
atmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many of more filters in series where each filter is designed to sample an
atmospheric chemical species or remove interferences to a
the sampling methods presented can be applied to urban
environments. subsequent filter. Filters may be of different design; material;
or be coated or impregnated to obtain the specificity of
2. Referenced Documents
chemical species required.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.5 inferential sampling—an indirect sampling method
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
thatutilizesamathematicalmodeltoquantifyanunmeasurable
Atmospheres
or difficult to measure property of atmospheric deposition.
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient
3.2.6 local area—an area of a few square kilometers which
Atmosphere
describesanareaofcommonvegetation,land-surfaceformand
D3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-
land use surrounding the monitoring site and defines the local
dures
characteristics surrounding the sampling device, see Fig. 1.
D4841 Practice for Estimation of Holding Time for Water
3.2.7 monitoring site—a radius of a few decameters which
Samples Containing Organic and Inorganic Constituents
immediately surrounds the sampling device, see Fig. 1.
D5012 Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the
Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposi-
3.2.8 regional area—an area between the local area and a
tion
threshold that defines where any single local area characteristic
can not be distinguished from regional characteristics, see Fig.
3. Terminology
1.
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
3.2.9 sequential sampling—withdrawal of a portion of the
Terminology D1356.
atmosphere over a period of time with continuous analysis or
with separation of the desired material continuously and in a
linear form. Such a sample may be obtained with a consider-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres able concentration of the contaminant but it still indicates
and Source Emissions.
fluctuations in that property which occur during the period of
Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally
sampling (Terminology D1356; see sample, running).
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D5111 - 99. DOI:
10.1520/D5111-99R06.
3.2.10 surrogate surface sampling—a sampling technique
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
that utilizes an artificial surface to estimate dry deposition.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Ideally, the artificial surface chosen will approximate the real
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. surface’s roughness and wetness properties. In practice this is
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5111 − 99 (2006)
6.1.2 A standardized site description questionnaire should
be developed and completed during the site selection process.
The questionnaire will describe the chosen location in detail.
Examples of these questionnaires can be found in Refs (1-3).
6.1.3 Fig. 1 illustrates the concentric organization of loca-
tion guidelines used in this document. Monitoring site require-
ments are common to all types of monitoring stations, while
regionalarearequirementsinvokeacombinationofmonitoring
site, local area and regional area guidelines. Which guidelines
within each area category are chosen and whether all area
categories are used will depend upon the purpose of the
monitoring effort.
6.1.4 Some specific atmospheric deposition sample types
require that additional criteria be met. These are identified
towards the end of each sampling location section with an
FIG. 1 Diagram of Siting Guidelines appropriate key word; DRY for dry deposition; FOG for fog;
etc. Guidelines that contain no key word are common to all
types of deposition monitoring within their monitoring site,
local area, or regional area grouping.
impossible. Therefore, comparisons of the surrogate surface to
6.1.5 The user of this guide should use all of the guidelines
the real surface must always be done as a part of the technique.
listed for the deposition type being monitored and all of the
3.2.11 wet deposition—the deposition of water from the
guidelines that are not deposition type specific. Exceptions to
atmosphere in the form of hail, mist, rain, sleet and snow.
the use of all of the guidelines should be noted on the
Deposits of dew, fog and frost are excluded (Terminology
worksheet in Appendix X1 of the guide and be accompanied
D1356; see precipitation, meteorological).
with a brief exclusion statement.
6.2 Regional Area Guidelines:
4. Significance and Use
6.2.1 Regional area guidelines should be based upon a
4.1 The guide consolidates into one document, siting crite-
consensus interpretation of the concept of regional representa-
ria and sampling strategies used routinely in various North
tiveness by the monitoring project management. Regions may
American atmospheric deposition monitoring programs.
be identified based upon physiography, meteorology, demog-
4.2 The guide leads the user through the steps of site
raphy or some other more specific goal of the monitoring
selection, sampling frequency and sampling equipment
project. Ground-based concepts of representativeness, such as
selection, and presents quality assurance techniques and other
theecologicalclassificationsofBaileyandothers (4,5)orareas
considerations necessary to obtain a representative deposition
sensitive to acid deposition, are often more easily defined than
sample for subsequent chemical analysis. meteorological concepts which tend to be highly variable both
spatially and temporally. For this reason definitions of regional
4.3 The guide extends Practice D1357 to include specific
representativeness based heavily upon meteorological phe-
guidelines for sampling atmospheric deposition including
nomena are best developed a posteriori using mathematical
acidic deposition.
and statistical models (6).
6.2.2 When developing regional area guidelines, distance
5. Summary of Guide
criteria should reflect the thresholds where any characteristics
5.1 The guide assists the user in establishing siting guide-
of a local area become indistinguishable from those of other
lines and in choosing sampling frequencies and sampling
local areas and are instead typical of the area that will be
devices for atmospheric deposition monitoring. Special con-
declared a region.
siderations for the monitoring of specific types of atmospheric
6.2.3 Population centers of greater than 10 000 should be at
deposition are discussed.
least 10 km from the sampling device. This distance should be
5.2 Aworksheet is provided to assist the user in document-
increased dramatically if the sampling device is located down-
ing the final siting criteria and sampling strategy chosen—see
wind of the center in the prevailing wind direction.
Appendix X1.
6.2.4 All industrial and natural sources of emissions greater
than 10 000 tons per annum of each analyte of interest should
5.3 The guide references site selection and sampling docu-
be at least 10 km from the sampling device. This distance
mentsofsomeofthecurrentlyoperatingdepositionmonitoring
should be increased dramatically if the sampling device is
networks in North America (Appendix X2).
located downwind of the source in the prevailing wind direc-
tion.
6. Sampling Locations
6.2.5 Complexterrainshouldbeavoidedunlessitsinfluence
6.1 General Requirements:
is necessary to meet the specific goal of the monitoring effort.
6.1.1 General requirements for choosing atmospheric depo-
sition sampling locations follow Practice D1357. This guide
should be used in conjunction with that document. Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end of this guide.
D5111 − 99 (2006)
6.3 Local Area Guidelines: 6.4.2 The distance from the sampling device to any object
greaterthantheheightofthesamplingdeviceshouldbeatleast
6.3.1 The local area surrounding a monitoring site should
twice the height of the object (2:1). This will ensure that no
describe a small geographic area where land use, topography
object or structure will project onto the sampling device with
and meteorology are common and representative of the re-
an angle greater than 30° from the horizontal.
gional area. No single emission source should dominate the air
6.4.3 With the exception of wind shields, objects with
quality at the site except as it typifies the common emission
sufficient mass to deflect the wind or otherwise change the
characteristicsoftheregionalarea.Idealsiteswillbelocatedin
aerodynamic properties of the sampling device should be
areas where land use practices are not expected to change over
located no closer than 2 m from the sampling device.
the course of the monitoring effort.
6.3.2 Emission source amounts, their frequency and
NOTE 2—Wind shields are considered to be an integral part of the
intensity, and meteorological diversity will dominate the actual
sampling device in this guide.
influence of each guideline on samples collected in any
6.4.4 Residential structures should be outside of a 30° cone
monitoring program. Because of this, local area guidelines are
of the prevailing wind direction.
typically the portion of a site selection plan that is not met. A
6.4.5 Sampling devices should be oriented towards the
relaxationoftheguidelinescanbetoleratedwhentheimpactof
annualaveragedprevailingwind.Intheabsenceofsitespecific
non-compliance on program objectives can be quantified.
wind direction information projects should standardize the
6.3.3 Monitoring sites should be located away from popu-
orientation of the device to one direction.
lation centers. A recommended distance is 1 km per 1000
6.4.6 Seasonal vegetation should be maintained at a level
persons.
that is at least 1 meter below the orifice of the sampling device
6.3.4 Intensive agricultural and waste treatment activities
to a distance that defines one-half of the monitoring site.
should be more than 500 meters from the sampling device.
6.4.7 Grazing animals and the cultivation of agricultural
Dairy operations, crop cultivation, especially in areas where
crops should not be permitted within the monitoring site.
chemical applications are used and solid waste and wastewater
6.4.8 All activities not directly related to sampling should
treatment facilities are of particular concern.
be discouraged within the monitoring site.
6.3.5 Transportation related sources of emissions should be 6.4.9 Snow—The sampling device should be located in a
no closer than 100 meters from the sampling device. Parking settingthatisshelteredfromthewind.Locatingthemonitoring
lots, unpaved roadways and high volume vehicular, railroad site within a forest clearing or installing a wind shield around
and airplane traffic are of particular concern. One hundred the sampling device improves snow capture (8).
meters is a minimum acceptable distance cited by some of the
NOTE 3—Wind speeds in excess of 1 m/sec significantly reduce the
existing atmospheric monitoring networks (See X2.3-X2.5).
efficiency of snow sampling devices (8). Light, dry snows are the most
The distance should be increased in proportion to increases in
difficult to sample. Reducing or eliminating the wind around the sampling
device by either shielding the device or locating the device below the
traffic volume and diversity. One kilometer is considered
vegetation canopy improves snow capture and eliminates re-entrainment
adequate under most conditions.
of already collected samples.
6.3.6 The open or surface storage of agricultural or indus-
6.4.10 Dry—For methods utilizing towers in the estimation
trial products should be kept at least 100 m from the sampling
of atmospheric fluxes (9.2.3), the tower heights should be
device. Examples of these products would include salt and
standardized and be at least 5 meters above the surface of
sand piles, fuels and chemicals.
interest(forexample,forestcanopyandagriculturalcrops).For
6.3.7 Dry—For methods employing the estimation or use of
measurements over bare ground this distance may need to be
atmospheric fluxes (see 9.2.3 and 9.2.9), the surface micro-
doubled.
meteorology and surface composition should be as uniform as
6.4.11 Dry—Methods utilizing micro-meteorological mea-
possible within 500 m of the sampling device.
surements in the estimation of atmospheric deposition require
NOTE 1—The success of tower based eddy correlation techniques and stricter slope requirements of 5 % and stricter projection
many other dry deposition techniques utilizing deposition velocity
requirements of 5:1, see 6.4.1 and 6.4.2.
estimates, are dependent upon the uniformity of the upwind surface
roughness and wetness. If the upwind micro-meteorology and surface
7. General Sampling Requirements
characteristicsenhancetheturbulentmixingoftheparameter
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