ASTM E2727-18

Standard Practice for Assessment of Rainwater Quality

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 As the world's population increases, so does the need for water to meet various needs. Rainwater harvesting offers a viable, sustainable approach to satisfying various water needs.  
4.1.1 Rainwater harvesting may be the only source of water supply for many rural and remote households where no other water supply is available. In urban and suburban locations, rainwater harvesting may help public water systems reduce peak demands and help delay the need for expanding water treatment plants.  
4.1.2 Rainwater harvesting can reduce storm water runoff, nonpoint source pollution, and erosion in urban environments.  
4.1.3 Rainwater harvesting provides for redundancies and diversified systems that decrease security issues associated with centralized facilities.  
4.2 An assessment of rainwater quality is necessary for determination of appropriate uses for water collected and stored in rainwater harvesting systems. This practice identifies a set of research and reporting requirements that will permit the intended user to assess the rainwater quality of a particular site.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a methodology for assessing rainwater quality.  
1.1.1 This practice identifies a set of research and reporting requirements that will permit the intended user to assess the rainwater quality of a catchment area of a particular site.  
1.1.2 This practice characterizes rainwater quality in general and identifies site conditions that may affect rainwater quality. Where site conditions affecting rainwater exist, additional assessment techniques may be required.  
1.1.3 Objectives guiding the development of this practice are (1) to synthesize and put in writing good commercial and customary practice for rainwater quality assessment; (2) to facilitate high quality, standardized water stewardship protocols; and (3) to clarify a standard of due diligence that is practical and reasonable.  
1.2 This practice does not establish design requirements for rainwater harvesting systems. However, it may provide information in support of decisions relative to design and implementation of rainwater harvesting projects.  
1.3 This practice does not identify use(s) of rainwater, commercial or otherwise. However, it may provide information in support of decisions relative to evaluation of property conditions and development options.  
1.4 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.  
1.4.1 Water laws vary among governing jurisdictions. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to determine regulatory requirements applicable to rainwater quality assessment and potential use(s).  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2018
• ICS: 13.060.10 - Water of natural resources
• Technical Committee: E60 - Sustainability
• Drafting Committee: E60.80 - General Sustainability Standards

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E2114-17 - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2017
• Refers: ASTM E1528-14 - Standard Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2014
• Refers: ASTM E2114-08 - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2008
• Refers: ASTM E2635-08 - Standard Practice for Water Conservation in Buildings Through In-Situ Water Reclamation
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2008
• Refers: ASTM E2114-06a - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2006
• Refers: ASTM E2114-06 - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-2006
• Refers: ASTM E1528-96 - Standard Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2006
• Refers: ASTM E1528-06 - Standard Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2006
• Refers: ASTM E1527-05 - Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2005
• Refers: ASTM E2114-05a - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2005
• Refers: ASTM E2114-05 - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2005
• Refers: ASTM E2114-04 - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Refers: ASTM E2114-00a - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001
• Refers: ASTM E2114-01 - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001
• Refers: ASTM E1527-97 - Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment Process
• Effective Date: 10-May-2000

Overview

ASTM E2727-18: Standard Practice for Assessment of Rainwater Quality provides a standardized methodology for evaluating the quality of rainwater collected from a catchment area. Developed by ASTM International, this standard is critical as rainwater harvesting becomes an increasingly important component in sustainable water management, both in rural and urban environments. With global concerns regarding water scarcity, this standard supports safe, effective, and equitable use of rainwater systems through careful assessment and documentation of rainwater quality.

Key Topics

• Rainwater Quality Assessment: Outlines a structured research and reporting process for evaluating rainwater quality at a specific site, taking into account catchment characteristics and site-specific factors.
• Baseline Quality Characteristics: Establishes baseline parameters for uncontaminated rainwater, including general pH range, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity, and absence of harmful contaminants such as fecal coliform, sodium, chlorine, and enteroviruses.
• Site Considerations: Identifies environmental and contextual factors (e.g., proximity to roadways, industrial or agricultural areas, brownfields, and environmental hazards) that may compromise rainwater quality, requiring additional assessment procedures.
• Documentation and Reporting: Provides guidance on reporting requirements, including physical observation, document research, interviews, findings, and the inclusion of supporting maps and photographs.
• Due Diligence and Regulatory Context: Clarifies the user’s responsibility to determine applicable jurisdictional regulations and emphasizes the importance of professional judgment and established safety practices.

Applications

The ASTM E2727-18 standard offers practical value in a variety of contexts:

• Rural and Remote Water Supply: Enables assessment of rainwater as a critical water resource for communities with limited or no access to centralized water supply.
• Urban Stormwater Management: Supports the reduction of stormwater runoff, nonpoint source pollution, and erosion by facilitating high-quality rainwater harvesting practices.
• Sustainable Buildings and Green Initiatives: Assists architects, engineers, and building managers in implementing effective water stewardship and conservation protocols.
• Property and Site Assessment: Provides essential data for real estate developers, environmental consultants, and regulators evaluating site suitability for rainwater harvesting, especially where environmental risks or redevelopment of brownfield sites are factors.
• Supporting Infrastructure Decisions: Supplies information to guide decisions on the design and operation of water systems, although it does not specify system design requirements.

Related Standards

ASTM E2727-18 interfaces with several other key international and regulatory documents to ensure comprehensive environmental and water stewardship practices:

• ASTM E1527: Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process
• ASTM E1528: Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process
• ASTM E2114: Terminology for Sustainability Related to Building Performance
• ASTM E2635: Practice for Water Conservation in Buildings Through In-Situ Water Reclamation
• EPA CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)

By referencing these standards, users can achieve a holistic approach to environmental due diligence, water management, and regulatory compliance.

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Keywords: rainwater quality, rainwater assessment, rainwater harvesting, water management, sustainability, water stewardship, environmental site assessment, ASTM standards, stormwater management, sustainable building, water conservation, property assessment, nonpotable water, potable water, green building, due diligence, catchment area, environmental compliance.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2727 − 18
Standard Practice for
Assessment of Rainwater Quality
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2727; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice provides a methodology for assessing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
rainwater quality.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1.1 This practice identifies a set of research and reporting
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
requirements that will permit the intended user to assess the
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
rainwater quality of a catchment area of a particular site.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1.2 This practice characterizes rainwater quality in gen-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
eral and identifies site conditions that may affect rainwater
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
quality. Where site conditions affecting rainwater exist, addi-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tional assessment techniques may be required.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1.3 Objectives guiding the development of this practice
are (1) to synthesize and put in writing good commercial and
2. Referenced Documents
customary practice for rainwater quality assessment; (2)to
facilitate high quality, standardized water stewardship proto- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
cols; and (3) to clarify a standard of due diligence that is E1527 Practice for Environmental SiteAssessments: Phase I
practical and reasonable. Environmental Site Assessment Process
E1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence:
1.2 This practice does not establish design requirements for
Transaction Screen Process
rainwater harvesting systems. However, it may provide infor-
E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-
mation in support of decisions relative to design and imple-
mance of Buildings
mentation of rainwater harvesting projects.
E2635 Practice for Water Conservation in Buildings
1.3 This practice does not identify use(s) of rainwater,
Through In-Situ Water Reclamation
commercialorotherwise.However,itmayprovideinformation
2.2 EPA Document:
in support of decisions relative to evaluation of property
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Com-
conditions and development options.
pensation and Liability Act, commonly known as Super-
1.4 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
fund
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
educationorexperienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwith
3. Terminology
professional judgment.
3.1 Definitions:
1.4.1 Water laws vary among governing jurisdictions. It is
3.1.1 For terms related to sustainability relative to the
the responsibility of the user of this practice to determine
performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.
regulatory requirements applicable to rainwater quality assess-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ment and potential use(s).
3.2.1 adjacent site, n—any property or properties the border
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
of which is contiguous or partially contiguous with that of the
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
property, or that would be contiguous or partially contiguous
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
tion only and are not considered standard.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustain- contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
ability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.80 on General Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Sustainability Standards. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published March 2018. Originally AvailablefromUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),William
ɛ1
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2727-10 . Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
DOI:10.1520/E2727-18. http://www.epa.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2727 − 18
with that of the property but for a street, road, public 3.2.11 recognized environmental condition, n—the presence
thoroughfare, or other physical barrier separating them. or likely presence of any hazardous substances or petroleum
products that may affect the catchment area.
3.2.2 brownfield site, n—real property, the expansion,
3.2.11.1 Discussion—The term includes hazardous sub-
redevelopment, or reuse of whichmay be complicated by the
stances or petroleum products even under conditions in com-
presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance,
pliance with laws. The term is not intended to include de
pollutant, orcontaminant.
minimis conditions that generally do not present a threat to
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The term “brownfield site” does not
human health or the environment and that generally would not
include a site described in Comprehensive Environmental
be the subject of an enforcement action if brought to the
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), com-
attention of appropriate governmental agencies. Conditions
monly known as Superfund, Section 101(39)(B), even though
determined to be de minimis are not recognized environmental
this language tracks the definition of "brownfield site" in
conditions.
CERCLA Section 101(39)(A) and (B).
4. Significance and Use
3.2.3 building department records, n—those records of the
local government in which the property is located indicating
4.1 As the world’s population increases, so does the need
permission of the local government to construct, alter, or
for water to meet various needs. Rainwater harvesting offers a
demolish improvements on the property.
viable, sustainable approach to satisfying various water needs.
4.1.1 Rainwater harvesting may be the only source of water
3.2.4 catchment area, n—surface, including hard roofs,
supply for many rural and remote households where no other
from which rainwater may be collected.
water supply is available. In urban and suburban locations,
3.2.5 first flush filter, n—device that automatically diverts
rainwater harvesting may help public water systems reduce
the first flow of rainwater collected from the catchment area.
peak demands and help delay the need for expanding water
3.2.5.1 Discussion—A first flush filter device usually con-
treatment plants.
tains a temporary storage of 50–100 L (13.21–26.42 gal) (al-
4.1.2 Rainwater harvesting can reduce storm water runoff,
though size is determined by specific design objectives of the
nonpoint source pollution, and erosion in urban environments.
rainwaterharvestingsystem)andasimplevalveunitconsisting
4.1.3 Rainwater harvesting provides for redundancies and
of a ball and seat. The initial rainfall fills the storage and floats
diversified systems that decrease security issues associated
the ball until it rises up to the seat, blocking the opening to the
with centralized facilities.
storage.
4.2 An assessment of rainwater quality is necessary for
3.2.6 intended user, n—individual or organization identified
determination of appropriate uses for water collected and
by the entity assessing rainwater quality as being the one who
stored in rainwater harvesting systems. This practice identifies
relies on that information to make decisions.
asetofresearchandreportingrequirementsthatwillpermitthe
3.2.6.1 Discussion—The intended user could be the client,
intendedusertoassesstherainwaterqualityofaparticularsite.
the responsible party, program administrators, regulators, the
5. Baseline Characterization of Rain Water Quality
financial community or other affected stakeholders, such as
local communities, governmental agencies, or non-
5.1 Assumptions:
governmental organizations.
5.1.1 The following assumptions are utilized in delineating
baseline rain water quality.
3.2.7 nonpotable water, n—water that has not been treated
5.1.1.1 Rainwaterisconsidereduncontaminateduntilitfalls
for human consumption in conformance with applicable drink-
on a surface.
ing water quality regulations.
5.1.1.2 Proper maintenance is provided for the rainwater
3.2.8 other contaminated site, n—a facility that is described
harvesting system in accordance with recommendations of the
in Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
system manufacturer.
and LiabilityAct (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund,
5.1.1.3 Rainwater that is collected (that is, harvested rain-
Section 101(39)(B).
water) through a leaf/debris screen of minimum 8 mm
3.2.8.1 Discussion—A facility that is listed on the National
(0.32 in.) and an insect screen of minimum 1 mm (0.039 in.)
Priorities List or is proposed for listing would be an example
stainless steel mesh, after a first flush filter, and does not have
of a contaminated site.
unique site considerations as identified in Section 6 shall be
3.2.9 potable water, n—water that does not endanger the assumed to have the baseline quality characteristics listed
livesorhealthofhumanbeingsandthatconformstoapplicable herein.
regulations for drinking water quality.
5.2 Baseline Quality Characteristics:
5.2.1 pH — 6.0 – 7.0.
3.2.10 rainwater harvesting, v—collecting rainwater from a
catchment area and storing it for future use. 5.2.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) — ≤10 mg⁄L
(0.00035 oz⁄0.26 gal).
5.2.3 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) — ≤2.
5.2.4 Fecal Coliform—No detectable fecal coli/100 mL
The National Priorities List (NPL) is a list compiled by EPA pursuant to
(0.027 gal).
CERCLA 42 U.S.C. § 9605(a)(8)(B) of properties with the highest priority for
cleanup pursuant to EPA’s Hazard Ranking System. (See 40 C.F.R. Part 300.) 5.2.5 Sodium—No detectable sodium/100 mL (0.027 gal).
E2727 − 18
5.2.6 Chlorine—No detectable chlorine/100 mL ciesininformationprovided,butshallmakeareasonableeffort
(0.027 gal). toidentifymistakesorinsufficienciesthataresuspectedormay
5.2.7 Enteroviruses—No detectable entereoviruses/100 mL be determined during review of site considerations.
(0.027 gal).
6.2.2 Reasonably Ascertainable/Standard Sources—
Availability of record information varies by source, including
6. Unique Site Considerations Review Process
governmentaljurisdictions.Theentityprovidinganassessment
6.1 The contents of rainwater may vary by geographical
is not obligated to identify, obtain, or review every possible
region and by unique site considerations.Water can collect and record that might exist with respect to a property. Instead, this
transport particulates and debris. Water can function as a
practice identifies record information that shall be reviewed
solvent, absorbing contaminants and minerals. Thus, baseline from standard sources, and such that is reasonably ascertain-
rainwater quality may be affected by the surfaces and sub-
able from those standard sources. Record information that is
stances with which it comes in contact. reasonably ascertainable means (1) information that is publicly
available, (2) information that is obtainable from its source
6.2 Review of the site considerations listed in Table 1 is
within reasonable time and cost constraints, and (3) informa-
intended to identify recognized environmental conditions.
tion that is practically reviewable.
Recognized environmental conditions will affect water quality
6.2.3 Publicly Available—Information that is publicly avail-
and may limit use of rainwater in potable water applications or
able means that the source of the information allows access to
non-potable water applications, or both.
the information by anyone upon request.
6.2.1 Accuracy and Completeness—Accuracy and com-
pleteness of record information varies among information 6.2.4 Reasonable Time and Cost—Information that is ob-
sources, including governmental sources. Record information tainable within reasonable time and cost constraints means that
is often inaccurate or incomplete. The entity providing an the information will be provided by the source within 20
assessment is not obligated to identify mistakes or insufficien- calendar days of receiving a written, telephone, or in person
TABLE 1 Site Consideration Review Questions
Conclusion Sources Supporting Conclusion
Question
No Yes Observation Documents Interviews
Is the catchment in an urban environment?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a busy road or highway?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of an agricultural property that
is not fully organic?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of an industrial facility?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a fueling station?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a railroad or 1 km (0.62 mi)
of a rail yard?
Is the catchment within 1 km (0.62 mi) of an airport?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a brownfield or other
contaminated property?
Has an environmental Site Assessment conducted in accordance with
Practice E1527 or Practice E1528, or both, reported a recognized en-
vironmental condition within 500 m (1640 ft) of the catchment area?
Is there evidence of recognized environmental conditions within 500 m
(1640 ft) of the catchment area?
Is the catchment area within 10 km (6.2 mi) of coastal waters?
Are there any other unique site conditions, including recent events and
temporary conditions, that indicate potential to contaminate the catch-
ment area?
E2727 − 18
request at no more than a nominal cost intended to cover the results of testing in accordance with Practice E2635. Include
source’s cost of retrieving and duplicating the information. test results with report specified herein.
Information that can only be reviewed by a visit to the source
7. Report
is reasonably ascertainable if the visit is permitted by the
7.1 Areportshallbeprovidedindicatingresultsofrainwater
source within 20 days of request.
assessment in accordance with this practice. The report shall
6.3 Table1listsreviewquestionsforthesite.Answerstothe
clearly sta
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E2727 − 10 E2727 − 18
Standard Practice for
Assessment of Rainwater Quality
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2727; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Table X1.1 alignment was editorially corrected in October 2014.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice provides a methodology for assessing rainwater quality.
1.1.1 This practice identifies a set of research and reporting requirements that will permit the intended user to assess the
rainwater quality of a catchment area of a particular site.
1.1.2 This practice characterizes rainwater quality in general and identifies site conditions that may affect rainwater quality.
Where site conditions affecting rainwater exist, additional assessment techniques may be required.
1.1.3 Objectives guiding the development of this practice are (1) to synthesize and put in writing good commercial and
customary practice for rainwater quality assessment; (2) to facilitate high quality, standardized water stewardship protocols; and
(3) to clarify a standard of due diligence that is practical and reasonable.
1.2 This practice does not establish design requirements for rainwater harvesting systems. However, it may provide information
in support of decisions relative to design and implementation of rainwater harvesting projects.
1.3 This practice does not identify use(s) of rainwater, commercial or otherwise. However, it may provide information in support
of decisions relative to evaluation of property conditions and development options.
1.4 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
1.4.1 Water laws vary among governing jurisdictions. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to determine regulatory
requirements applicable to rainwater quality assessment and potential use(s).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions
to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process
E1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process
E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
E2635 Practice for Water Conservation in Buildings Through In-Situ Water Reclamation
2.2 EPA Documents:Document:
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, commonly known as Superfund
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustainability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.07 on Water Use and Conservation.
Current edition approved July 1, 2010Feb. 1, 2018. Published October 2010March 2018. DOI:10.1520/E2727-10E01.Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition
ɛ1
approved in 2010 as E2727-10 . DOI:10.1520/E2727-18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ariel Rios William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
http://www.epa.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2727 − 18
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For terms related to sustainability relative to the performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 adjacent site, n—any property or properties the border of which is contiguous or partially contiguous with that of the
property, or that would be contiguous or partially contiguous with that of the property but for a street, road, public thoroughfare,
or other physical barrier separating them.
3.2.2 brownfield site, n—real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of whichmay be complicated by the presence or
potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, orcontaminant.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
The term "brownfield site"“brownfield site” does not include a site described in Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, Section 101(39)(B), even though this language
tracks the definition of "brownfield site" in CERCLA Section 101(39)(A) and (B).
3.2.3 building department records, n—those records of the local government in which the property is located indicating
permission of the local government to construct, alter, or demolish improvements on the property.
3.2.4 catchment area, n—surface, including hard roofs, from which rainwater may be collected.
3.2.5 first flush filter, n—device that automatically diverts the first flow of rainwater collected from the catchment area.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
A first flush filter device usually contains a temporary storage of 50–100 L (13.21–26.42 gal) (although size is determined by
specific design objectives of the rainwater harvesting system) and a simple valve unit consisting of a ball and seat. The initial
rainfall fills the storage and floats the ball until it rises up to the seat, blocking the opening to the storage.
3.2.6 intended user, n—individual or organization identified by the entity assessing rainwater quality as being the one who relies
on that information to make decisions.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—
The intended user could be the client, the responsible party, program administrators, regulators, the financial community or other
affected stakeholders, such as local communities, governmental agencies, or non-governmental organizations.
3.2.7 nonpotable water, n—water that has not been treated for human consumption in conformance with applicable drinking
water quality regulations.
3.2.8 other contaminated site, n—a facility that is described in Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, Section 101(39)(B).
3.2.8.1 Discussion—
A facility that is listed on the National Priorities List or is proposed for listing would be an example of a contaminated site.
3.2.9 potable water, n—water that does not endanger the lives or health of human beings and that conforms to applicable
regulations for drinking water quality.
3.2.10 rainwater harvesting, v—collecting rainwater from a catchment area and storing it for future use.
3.2.11 recognized environmental condition, n—the presence or likely presence of any hazardous substances or petroleum
products that may affect the catchment area.
3.2.11.1 Discussion—
The term includes hazardous substances or petroleum products even under conditions in compliance with laws. The term is not
intended to include de minimis conditions that generally do not present a threat to human health or the environment and that
The National Priorities List (NPL) is a list compiled by EPA pursuant to CERCLA 42 U.S.C. § 9605(a)(8)(B) of properties with the highest priority for cleanup pursuant
to EPA’s Hazard Ranking System. (See 40 C.F.R. Part 300.)
E2727 − 18
generally would not be the subject of an enforcement action if brought to the attention of appropriate governmental agencies.
Conditions determined to be de minimis are not recognized environmental conditions.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 As the world’s population increases, so does the need for water to meet various needs. Rainwater harvesting offers a viable,
sustainable approach to satisfying various water needs.
4.1.1 Rainwater harvesting may be the only source of water supply for many rural and remote households where no other water
supply is available. In urban and suburban locations, rainwater harvesting may help public water systems reduce peak demands
and help delay the need for expanding water treatment plants.
4.1.2 Rainwater harvesting can reduce storm water runoff, nonpoint source pollution, and erosion in urban environments.
4.1.3 Rainwater harvesting provides for redundancies and diversified systems that decrease security issues associated with
centralized facilities.
4.2 An assessment of rainwater quality is necessary for determination of appropriate uses for water collected and stored in
rainwater harvesting systems. This practice identifies a set of research and reporting requirements that will permit the intended user
to assess the rainwater quality of a particular site.
5. Baseline Characterization of Rain Water Quality
5.1 Assumptions:
5.1.1 The following assumptions are utilized in delineating baseline rain water quality.
5.1.1.1 Rainwater is considered uncontaminated until it falls on a surface.
5.1.1.2 Proper maintenance is provided for the rainwater harvesting system in accordance with recommendations of the system
manufacturer.
5.1.1.3 Rainwater that is collected (that is, harvested rainwater) through a leaf/debris screen of minimum 8 mm (0.32 in.) and
an insect screen of minimum 1 mm (0.039 in.) stainless steel mesh, after a first flush filter, and does not have unique site
considerations as identified in Section 6 shall be assumed to have the baseline quality characteristics listed herein.
5.2 Baseline Quality Characteristics:
5.2.1 pH — 6.0 – 7.0.
5.2.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) — ≤10 mg ⁄L (0.00035 oz ⁄0.26 gal).
5.2.3 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) — ≤2.
5.2.4 Fecal Coliform—No detectable fecal coli/100 mL (0.027 gal).
5.2.5 Sodium—No detectable sodium/100 mL (0.027 gal).
5.2.6 Chlorine—No detectable chlorine/100 mL (0.027 gal).
5.2.7 Enteroviruses—No detectable entereoviruses/100 mL (0.027 gal).
6. Unique Site Considerations Review Process
6.1 The contents of rainwater may vary by geographical region and by unique site considerations. Water can collect and
transport particulates and debris. Water can function as a solvent, absorbing contaminants and minerals. Thus, baseline rainwater
quality may be affected by the surfaces and substances with which it comes in contact.
6.2 Review of the site considerations listed in Table 1 is intended to identify recognized environmental conditions. Recognized
environmental conditions will affect water quality and may limit use of rainwater in potable water applications or non-potable
water applications, or both.
6.2.1 Accuracy and Completeness—Accuracy and completeness of record information varies among information sources,
including governmental sources. Record information is often inaccurate or incomplete. The entity providing an assessment is not
obligated to identify mistakes or insufficiencies in information provided, but shall make a reasonable effort to identify mistakes
or insufficiencies that are suspected or may be determined during review of site considerations.
6.2.2 Reasonably Ascertainable/Standard Sources—Availability of record information varies by source, including governmental
jurisdictions. The entity providing an assessment is not obligated to identify, obtain, or review every possible record that might
exist with respect to a property. Instead, this practice identifies record information that shall be reviewed from standard sources,
and such that is reasonably ascertainable from those standard sources. Record information that is reasonably ascertainable means
(1) information that is publicly available, (2) information that is obtainable from its source within reasonable time and cost
constraints, and (3) information that is practically reviewable.
6.2.3 Publicly Available—Information that is publicly available means that the source of the information allows access to the
information by anyone upon request.
6.2.4 Reasonable Time and Cost—Information that is obtainable within reasonable time and cost constraints means that the
information will be provided by the source within 20 calendar days of receiving a written, telephone, or in person request at no
more than a nominal cost intended to cover the source’s cost of retrieving and duplicating the information. Information that can
only be reviewed by a visit to the source is reasonably ascertainable if the visit is permitted by the source within 20 days of request.
E2727 − 18
TABLE 1 Site Consideration Review Questions
Conclusion Sources Supporting Conclusion
Question
No Yes Observation Documents Interviews
Is the catchment in an urban environment?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a busy road or highway?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of an agricultural property that
is not fully organic?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of an industrial facility?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a fueling station?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a railroad or 1 km (0.62 mi)
of a rail yard?
Is the catchment within 1 km (0.62 mi) of an airport?
Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a brownfield or other
contaminated property?
Has an environmental Site Assessment conducted in accordance with
Practice E1527 or Practice E1528, or both, reported a recognized en-
vironmental condition within 500 m (1640 ft) of the catchment area?
Is there evidence of recognized environmental conditions within 500 m
(1640 ft) of the catchment area?
Is the catchment area within 10 km (6.2 mi) of coastal waters?
Are there any other unique site conditions, including recent events and
temporary conditions, that indicate potential to contaminate the catch-
ment area?
6.3 Table 1 lists review questions for the site. Answers to the questions should be obtained from the following sources:
6.3.1 Physical Observation—Review site, including catchment area, and adja
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