ASTM F1833-97(2017)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Comparison of Rearfoot Motion Control Properties of Running Shoes
Standard Test Method for Comparison of Rearfoot Motion Control Properties of Running Shoes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method allows the rearfoot control properties of running shoes or corrective orthoses within shoes to be compared provided they are tested concurrently and under identical conditions.
5.2 Tests of this type are commonly used in the development and performance testing of running shoes and other in-shoe devices. Careful adherence to the requirements and recommendations of this test shall provide results which can be compared between different laboratories.
Note 1: The variance in rearfoot motion due to differences between shoes is generally smaller than the variance between subjects. Direct comparisons between shoes tested in different experiments is therefore not possible.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of certain angular motions of the lower extremity during running, specifically, the frontal plane projection of the pronation and supination of the lower leg relative to the foot (“rearfoot motion”) and methods by which the effects of different running shoes on rearfoot motion may be compared.
1.2 As used in this test method, footwear may refer to running shoes, corrective shoe inserts (orthoses) or specific combinations of both. The effects of orthoses may vary from shoe to shoe. Therefore, comparisons involving orthoses shall be qualified by the specific style of shoes in which they are tested.
1.3 This test method is limited to the measurement of the two dimensional, frontal plane projection of the relative angular motion between the lower leg and the foot (“rearfoot motion”). It is not a direct measure of pronation or supination, which are three dimensional motions.
1.4 This test method is limited to running motions in which the heel makes first contact with the ground during each step.
1.5 This test method is applicable to measurements of rearfoot motion made while subjects run on a treadmill or while they run overground under controlled conditions.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F1833 − 97 (Reapproved 2017) An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Comparison of Rearfoot Motion Control Properties of
Running Shoes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1833; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
During a typical running step, the foot first makes contact with the ground on the rear lateral border
of the shoe. At first contact between the foot and the ground, the foot is normally in a supinated or
neutral position relative to the lower leg. During the first 50 to 150 ms of the period of ground contact,
the foot rotates about the ankle and subtalar joints to a more pronated position. Pronation is a
combination of eversion and abduction of the subtalar joint and dorsiflexion of the ankle joint.
Excessive pronation and possibly an excessive rate of pronation are believed to be risk factors in
common overuse injuries among runners. Other risk factors include a runner’s anatomical
predisposition, (for example, joint alignment, bone curvature, joint laxity) previous injury history and
training errors (for example, a sudden increase in the duration or intensity of training). Running shoes
have been shown to influence pronation. Shoe design factors which have produced measurable effects
on lower extremity motion under laboratory conditions include sole hardness, sole height and width,
sole geometry and the presence or absence of orthotics and stabilizing devices.
1. Scope 1.5 This test method is applicable to measurements of
rearfoot motion made while subjects run on a treadmill or
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of certain
while they run overground under controlled conditions.
angular motions of the lower extremity during running,
specifically, the frontal plane projection of the pronation and
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
supination of the lower leg relative to the foot (“rearfoot
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
motion”) and methods by which the effects of different running
information only.
shoes on rearfoot motion may be compared.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 As used in this test method, footwear may refer to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
running shoes, corrective shoe inserts (orthoses) or specific
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
combinations of both. The effects of orthoses may vary from
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
shoe to shoe. Therefore, comparisons involving orthoses shall
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
be qualified by the specific style of shoes in which they are
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
tested.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.3 This test method is limited to the measurement of the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
two dimensional, frontal plane projection of the relative
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
angular motion between the lower leg and the foot (“rearfoot
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
motion”). It is not a direct measure of pronation or supination,
which are three dimensional motions.
2. Referenced Documents
1.4 This test method is limited to running motions in which
the heel makes first contact with the ground during each step. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
F539 Practice for Fitting Athletic Footwear
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F08.54 on Athletic Footwear. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F1883 – 97 (2011). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/F1833-97R17. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1833 − 97 (2017)
3. Terminology 5. Significance and Use
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.1 This test method allows the rearfoot control properties
of running shoes or corrective orthoses within shoes to be
3.1.1 ankle joint—the joint between lower leg and foot
formedbythearticulationsofthetibiaandfibulawiththetalus. compared provided they are tested concurrently and under
identical conditions.
3.1.2 footstrike—initial contact between the foot and the
ground at the beginning of the stance phase.
5.2 Tests of this type are commonly used in the develop-
ment and performance testing of running shoes and other
3.1.3 maximum rearfoot angle—maximum value of the
in-shoe devices. Careful adherence to the requirements and
rearfoot angle recorded during the stance phase.
recommendationsofthistestshallprovideresultswhichcanbe
3.1.4 peak angular velocity—maximum rate of change of
compared between different laboratories.
the rearfoot angle between footstrike and the occurrence of
NOTE 1—The variance in rearfoot motion due to differences between
maximum rearfoot angle.
shoes is generally smaller than the variance between subjects. Direct
3.1.5 pronation—three dimensional motion of the foot rela-
comparisonsbetweenshoestestedindifferentexperimentsisthereforenot
tive to the lower leg, combining eversion an abduction of the possible.
subtalar joint an dorsiflexion of the ankle joint.
6. Apparatus
3.1.6 rearfoot angle—the angle between the lower leg and
the heel, viewed from the posterior aspect and projected in the 6.1 Running Surface:
frontal plane.
6.1.1 Treadmill—A powered treadmill shall be used.
6.1.2 Runway—The runway used for overground running
3.1.7 rearfootmotion—relativemotionoftheheelandlower
trials shall be a level surface with a minimum length of 15 m
leg during the stance phase.
(50 ft).
3.1.8 stance phase—the period of a running step during
6.2 Means of Determining Running Speed:
which the foot is in contact with the ground.
6.2.1 A Calibrated Treadmill Speed Indicator—For tread-
3.1.9 subtalar joint—alternative name for the talocalcaneal
mill running, a calibrated means of determining the speed of
joint.
the treadmill belt.
3.1.10 supination—three dimensional motion of the foot
6.2.2 Timing Apparatus—For overground running, a timing
relative to the lower leg, combining inversion and adduction of
apparatus shall be used to determine the elapsed time over a
the subtalar joint and plantar flexion of the ankle joint.
distance of 5 m (16 ft) with an accuracy of 65 %. The average
3.1.11 talocalcaneal joint—the joint formed by articulations running speed, v, of the subject shall be determined by v = s/t
between the talus and the calcaneus. where s is the distance traversed and t is the elapsed time.
3.1.12 time to maximum rearfoot angle—elapsed time be-
NOTE 2—An acceptable timing apparatus can be constructed using light
beams, photocell detectors and an electronic timer. Two light beam/
tween footstrike and the occurrence of maximum rearfoot
photocell detector units are positioned at head level and place 5 m (16 ft)
angle.
apart and on either side of test track on which rearfoot motion data will be
3.1.13 total rearfoot motion—difference between the maxi-
recorded. The photocell circuit is connected to the electronic timer so that
breaking of the first beam starts the timer. Breaking of the second beam
mum rearfoot angle and touchdown angle.
stops the timer, which thus records the elapsed time.
3.1.14 touchdown angle—value of the rearfoot angle at the
6.3 High Speed Camera System—A cinephotographic or
instant of contact between the foot and the ground during a
video camera or other optical system capable of tracking the
running step.
motions of the lower leg at a minimum frame rate or sample
rate of 200/s. If no derivatives are to be calculated, a minimum
4. Summary of Test Method
frame rate or sample rate of 100/s is permissible
4.1 The rearfoot angle is defined by reference to markers
NOTE 3—The minimum sample rate is based on the spectral composi-
placed on the lower leg and heel of the human subjects. While
-1
tion of rearfoot motion at running speed of 3.8 ms (8.5 mph). Tests
subjects run on a treadmill or overground the motion of the
conducted at higher running speeds may require higher minimum sample
lower leg is recorded using a high-speed camera system
rates.
positioned behind the subject and aligned with the subject’s
6.4 Image Analysis Equipment—Apparatus for determining
direction of motion. The time history of the rearfoot angle
the coordinates of markers on images from the high speed
during the stance phase of running is determined by frame-by-
camera system, such as a digitizer, video processor or optical
frame analysis of the recorded motion.This process is repeated
tracking system. The camera and image analysis equipment
for each subject running in each of two or more footwear
shall have a combined resolution such that the angle formed by
specimens. For each combination of subject and specimen,
leg and shoe specimen markers in a two dimensional plane
average values of maximum rearfoot angle, time to maximum
normal to the axis of the camera can be determined with an
rearfoot angle, total rearfoot motion and peak angular velocity
error of less than 60.5°.
are calculated. Analysis of variance is used to determine
whether there are significant differences in rearfoot motion
NOTE 4—Greatest accuracy is achieved if the centroid of a marker is
parameter between the specimens. digitized. The use of large markers may decrease digitizing accuracy.
F1833 − 97 (2017)
NOTE 7—Lower Extremity Evaluation— In order to establish relation-
7. Specimens
ships between subtalar joint kinetics and the effects of different running
7.1 Acceptability—The specimens may be any kind of
shoes, it is recommended that the lower extremity of each subject be
footwear appropriate for use in or as a running shoe. The
examined by a competent examiner in order to provide information on the
sample population being studied.The evaluation should include a medical
specimensshallbeintheformofmatchedpairs(leftandright).
history of lower extremity injury, foot type, forefoot frontal plane
7.1.1 Shoes—The specimens shall form matched pairs (left
alignment, rearfoot frontal plane alignment, tibial horizontal plane
and right). All specimens shall be of the same size.
alignment, and range of motion of the subtalar joint. Determine the type
7.1.2 Orthoses and In-Shoe Devices—The specimens shall
of footstrike of the subject (rearfoot, midfoot, or forefoot striker) with a
be in the form of matched pairs (left and right). All in-shoe
force measuring platform, a pressure distribution measuring platform or
an in-shoe plantar pressure measuring device. (See Cavanagh and Lafor-
device comparisons shall be made using devices in the same
tune (2)).Thetraininghabitsofeachsubject,includingtrainingfrequency,
pair of shoes worn by the same subjects.
weekly training distance and training pace should also be noted.
7.2 Number of Specimens—Two or more specimens shall be
9.2.4 Treadmill Experience—If the test is to be completed
comparedinanytrial.Themaximumnumberofspecimensthat
while subjects run on a treadmill, the subjects should be
can be compared is limited by the number of subjects required
experienced treadmill runners. If the subjects are not experi-
to achieve acceptable statistical power.
enced treadmill runners, a minimum of one 20 min period of
7.3 Number of Subjects:
treadmill acclimatization training should be held prior to data
7.3.1 The number of subjects shall be a minimum of four
collection.
times the number of specimens.
7.3.2 If specimens are to be presented to subjects in a NOTE 8—During treadmill acclimatization training, start subject(s) at a
slower pace and the speed gradually increased until the speed is slightly
balanced order, the number of subjects shall be a multiple of
below or a the test speed. The duration and number of practice sessions
the number of shoes to be compared.
depends on the comfort of the subject with treadmill running. Some
indication of the degree of comfort with treadmill running are seen in hip
8. Conditioning of Specimens
flexion and stride length.
8.1 Condition specimens by being used for a minimum of 8 NOTE 9—Subjects should wear their own shoes (that is, not test
specimens) during treadmill acclimatization training.
km (5 miles) of running prior to testing.
9.3 Marker Placement:
NOTE 5—The cushioning and stability of running shoes change rapidly
during the first few miles of use. These characteristics stabilize after
9.3.1 Leg Markers—Place markers on the rear of each
approximately 5 miles (8 km) of running (3500 footfalls) and then change
subject’s lower leg, at least 20 cm apart. Center lower marker
less over the next 250 miles (400 km) of wear.
on the Achilles tendon. Place the top marker below the
gastronemius, and orient so that the transverse vertical plane
9. Procedure
projection of a line connecting the two markers is parallel to
9.1 Experimental Design:
the transverse vertical plane projection of the axis of a lower
9.1.1 Conduct the test as an experiment with a repeated
leg (see Fig. 1).
measures, within-subject design.
NOTE 10—Clarke et al (3) describe the use of an apparatus for placing
9.1.2 It is recommended that the order in which specimens
the markers in a repeatable manner. Specifically, a jig is used to find the
are presented to each subject should be balanced, not random-
geometric center of the knee joint. Markers are then centered on a line
ized.Abalanced order of presentation requires that the number
joining the knee joint center and the center of theAchilles tendon.The use
of subjects must be a multiple of n!(n factorial) where n is the of this test method is recommended.
number of shoes to be tested. If it is not practicable to use a
9.3.2 Specimen Markers—Place markers on the midline of
balanced order of presentation, use randomized order of
the rear of each specimen, a minimum of 5 cm apart, such t
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