ASTM F3350-18(2024)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in Ice Conditions
Standard Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in Ice Conditions
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes test conditions that will provide a measured oil recovery rate and efficiency for a skimmer operating in drift ice.
4.2 End users need a procedure to quantify optimum performance data for planning and selection of equipment.
4.3 The procedure in this guide will assist in verifying and accurately reporting skimmer system performance.
4.4 Tests will be conducted under well documented conditions and provide repeatable results. Other detailed testing and collection of skimmer performance data are covered under existing standards (see Guide F631 and Test Method F2709).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines a procedure and measurement criteria to quantify the recovery rate and efficiency of a stationary skimmer system in drift ice conditions.
1.2 The suggested procedure and test parameters are intended to provide conditions typical of relatively sparse drift ice and relatively dense drift ice coverage.
1.3 It is accepted that the recovery rate as determined by this guide will not likely be achievable under actual conditions of a spill. The procedure in this guide does not account for such issues as changing recovery conditions, number of daylight hours, operator downtime, less than ideal control of skimmer settings, and inclement weather.
1.4 The procedure in this guide involves the use of specific test oils that may be considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to procure and abide by necessary permits and regulations for the use and disposal of test oil.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3350 − 18 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Guide for
Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in Ice Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3350; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
1.1 This guide defines a procedure and measurement criteria
ucts by Hydrometer Method
to quantify the recovery rate and efficiency of a stationary
D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Au-
skimmer system in drift ice conditions.
tomatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubri-
1.2 The suggested procedure and test parameters are in-
cants using a Rotational Viscometer
tended to provide conditions typical of relatively sparse drift
D4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by
ice and relatively dense drift ice coverage.
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
1.3 It is accepted that the recovery rate as determined by this
F631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in
guide will not likely be achievable under actual conditions of Controlled Environments
a spill. The procedure in this guide does not account for such
F2709 Test Method for Determining a Measured Nameplate
issues as changing recovery conditions, number of daylight Recovery Rate of Stationary Oil Skimmer Systems
hours, operator downtime, less than ideal control of skimmer
settings, and inclement weather.
3. Terminology
1.4 The procedure in this guide involves the use of specific
3.1 Definitions:
test oils that may be considered hazardous materials. It is the
3.1.1 oil recovery effıciency (ORE), n—the ratio, expressed
responsibility of the user of this guide to procure and abide by
as a percentage, of the volume of oil recovered to the total
necessary permits and regulations for the use and disposal of
volume of fluid recovered.
test oil.
3.1.2 oil recovery rate (ORR), n—the volume of oil recov-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3
ered by the device per unit of time (m /h).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.2.1 Discussion—Note that the measurement is of oil
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
only, after netting out free and emulsified water.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 operational effıciency (OpEff), n—the ratio, expressed
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
as a percentage, of the time spent actually skimming to the total
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
test time, having deducted time spent out of the water to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
re-position the device.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—This may be of particular interest in
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
dense ice cover, when a significant portion of the test period
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
may be spent re-positioning the skimmer to find thick patches
2. Referenced Documents
of oil.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 skimmer system, n—a skimmer along with its associ-
D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Insulating
ated power supply, hydraulic lines, offloading pump, control
Liquids Against Water by the Ring Method
apparatus, and accessories.
3.1.5 total test time, n—the period of time from the start to
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous
end of collecting recovered fluids for measurement including
Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F20.12 on Removal. repositioning.
Current edition approved March 1, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally
approved in 2018. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as F3350 – 18. DOI:
4. Significance and Use
10.1520/F3350-18R24.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.1 This guide establishes test conditions that will provide a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
measured oil recovery rate and efficiency for a skimmer
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. operating in drift ice.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3350 − 18 (2024)
4.2 End users need a procedure to quantify optimum per- Note that if testing outdoors, solar effects may significantly
formance data for planning and selection of equipment. increase surface oil temperature. If steam or heat is introduced
into the skimmer system as part of its design, additional
4.3 The procedure in this guide will assist in verifying and
measurements are to be taken before such heating to accurately
accurately reporting skimmer system performance.
gauge the properties of the oil.
4.4 Tests will be conducted under well documented condi-
5.8 Ambient air test temperature shall be recorded. Tem-
tions and provide repeatable results. Other detailed testing and
perature of the water in the test basin shall be recorded.
collection of skimmer performance data are covered under
existing standards (see Guide F631 and Test Method F2709).
5.9 Record water salinity if applicable.
5.10 Tanks are required for storage of recovered product
5. Test Facilities
and subsequent volume measurements. The collection tanks
5.1 Tests should be performed within a tank or boomed area
shall be elevated above the test oil surface to accommodate a
that will contain the oil and constructed ice field. The minimum
required static head on the skimmer system equal to 3.5 m of
lateral dimensions of the test tank shall be three times the
fluid.
length and width of the skimmer device. For example, a
5.11 Alternatively, a variable flow restriction with pressure
skimmer with a lateral footprint of 2 m by 3 m would require
a minimum test area of 6 m by 9 m. Note that the test area may gauge may be substituted to simulate the static head (3.5 m)
and dynamic head (frictional losses) at the flow rates expected.
have to be increased beyond the minimum test area to ensure
that the skimmer has access to enough oil for a 30 s minimum
5.12 For skimmers that do not include a discharge pump, the
collection time. The following calculation can be made to
recovery rate shall be measured as oil accumulates in the
determine the minimum test area that will contain adequate oil
skimmer’s sump.
for a 30 s skimmer test, based on estimated skimmer perfor-
5.13 When applicable, hydraulic pressure and flow mea-
mance:
surements shall be made during the tests. Pressure and flow
2 3
Min Test Area m 5 predicted recovery rate m ⁄h
~ ! @ ~ !
values shall not exceed manufacturer recommendations.
× length of test h ÷ 1 2 % ice coverage
~ ~ !!# ~ !
5.14 Ice Conditions—Tests should be performed using two
× ~oil thickness! (1)
different ice concentrations, 30 % and 70 % coverage. These
ice concentrations are generally regarded as thresholds for
where:
mechanical recovery in ice: below 30 % concentration, oil slick
length of test = 0.00833 h,
thickness equilibrium is minimally affected by the presence of
oil thickness = 0.025 m, and
ice, and above 70 % concentration, oil slick thickness equilib-
predicted recovery rate = minimum recovery rate expected
rium is severely restricted and, while skimming may be
for the skimmer.
possible, it may require moving the skimmer from oil pocket to
5.2 The tank depth shall accommodate the skimmer without
oil pocket within the ice.
grounding during the test.
5.15 Ice for the tests can be salt-water or freshwater.
5.3 Test oils shall be identified by industry-accepted name
5.16 Prior to testing, ice will be added to the test area, to
and are recommended to fall within the five categories defined
achieve the desired coverage using the following size distribu-
in Guide F631. It is recommended that the skimmer system be
tion (55 % 1 × 1 m + 30 % 0.5 × 0.5 m + 15 % small
tested in two or more oil types for comparison purposes.
fragments). This actual size distribution is based on an analysis
NOTE 1—Type 1 in particular is recommended to allow comparison
of fields of broken pack ice and has been defined as represen-
with other tests.
tative and been used in previous oil-in-ice experiments.
5.4 The preferred test oil is a refined product, which is
5.17 If produced as larger size pieces, ice can be broken
selected to provide a stable test fluid over the test period (that
manually to produce the specified sizes. Ice coverage will be
is, minimal evaporation and emulsification) and present no
estimated initially by measuring the area of the ice pieces
breathing hazard related to oil vapors.
added to the test area, and will be confirmed subsequent to the
5.5 The oils used for testing will be characterized from
test for documentation in the test report using an image area
samples taken at the start of a test series and when oil is
analytical technique of overhead digital photographs or other
replenished from a new source. A test oil log shall be generated
comparable technique.
and will indicate test oil type, sample number, temperature, and
5.18 Ice thickness should be approximately 200 mm (8 in.)
test date.
or greater to allow for adequate freeboard.
5.6 The following tests are to be conducted on test oils:
5.19 Slick Thickness—Tests should be performed with a
viscosity (Test Method D2983), bottom solids and water (Test
slick thickness of 25 mm (1 in.). This thickness is selected to
Method D4007), specific gravity (Test Method D1298),
allow comparison with previous testing performed as part of
surface, and interfacial tension (Test Method D971). Viscosity
the SINTEF skimmer development and testing program. It is
may also be established using a published temperature/
viscosity chart for the test oil.
5.7 Manual temperature measurements of the test oil will be
taken in or near the skimmer sump with an accuracy of 61 °C. https://www.sintef.no/en/.
F3350 − 18 (2024)
also representative of batch-type spill in moderate to dense ice 6.4 Control lines, hydraulic lines, and discharge hoses
conditions, such as a release from a ship or storage tank. should not interfere with the normal operation of the skimmer.
Route hydraulic and discharge hoses to minimize effect on
5.20 Each test will continue until approximately one-third
skimmer freeboard.
of the 25 mm thick slick has been removed (this concurs with
the general principle of the Test Method F2709 nameplate test
6.5 The pump and power supply shall be operated within its
standard). Additional oil should be added to the test area as part
normal operating range or duty point for the system.
of the initial volume to account for hold-up in hoses at the start
6.6 When applicable, the operational speed of the recovery
of the test series, priming of oleophilic surfaces, and for
device shall be recorded, that is, rotational speed of drum or
skimmer operation as it achieves steady-state conditions. This
disc, or lineal speed of mop or brush. Various means may be
will be calculated for each test setup as it will vary depending
employed, for example, mechanical or manual counters, mea-
on the specific skimmer being tested.
suring hydraulic flow correlated to rotational speed and so
5.21 To give some indication of skimmer performance at a
forth, but must be validated as part of each test series.
lesser slick thickness, during the final test run in each series,
6.7 The skimming system will be equipped with a discharge
performance measurements will continue to be taken as the
hose at least 15 m long and of the manufacturer intended
slick declines. This will involve timing and collecting discrete
diameter. The discharge hose shall be routed to a collection
volumes in separate containers to allow separate rate and
tank. The end of the discharge hose opening shall be elevated
efficiency measurements.
3.5 m above the test oil surface unless the head is simulated as
5.22 Slick thickness will be controlled initially by distrib-
described in 5.11. Alternatively, a portion of the hose can be
uting a volume of oil, calculated as the amount required to
raised to 3.5 m as long as an anti-siphon valve is used.
produce the target thickness on the open-water portion of the
tests area (that is, the total test area less the percentage covered
7. Procedure
by ice). As testing proceeds, an “oil-on-water” budget will be
7.1 This section defines the procedure for quantifying skim-
maintained, estimating the amount of oil removed from the test
mer system recovery rate in ice conditions.
area in a given test to determine the volume of oil to be added
to restore the 25 mm thick oil layer and any holdup required to
7.2 Many skimmers are designed to be operated in the
bring the system to a steady-state condition. Prior to each test,
stationary or slowly-advancing mode. Given the viscosity of
the approximate slick thickness will be confirmed using a
the oil and the presence of ice, oil recovery could potentially be
sight-glass measuring device or other comparable technique.
limited by the absence of oil in the immediate vicinity of the
Each test series will start with an initial measured volume of oil
skimmer, so the skimmers can be slowly moved through the
to re-zero the “oil-on-water” budget.
test area during the test at the discretion of the skimmer
operator. Alternatively, the skimmer may be lifted from the
5.23 An accurate means of determining oil slick thickness
water and replaced in another part of the test area when it has
while the oil slick thickness is declining is desirable. Typical
skimmed all or most of the oil in its immediate vicinity.
means of accomplishing this include manual soundings from
tank edge to oil surface or using a submerged translucent tube
7.3 The speed of advance will vary with the specific
(sight glass) with an internal index.
skimmer being tested, and may be adjusted through the
three-test series (per ice condition). The intention is to ensure
5.24 The collection tank shall be calibrated to accurately
that skimmers are not being starved of oil by remaining in one
quantify the volume of fluid collected. Measurement accuracy
location for a test, and can be moved through th
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