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ASTM D5514/D5514M-14

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Large Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics

Standard Test Method for Large Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Procedure A—This procedure is an index type test which can be used as a guide for acceptance of commercial shipments of geosynthetics. The standard cone and pyramid test fixtures can establish critical height (ch) consistency with similar material from previous lots or different suppliers, as well as testing from other laboratories. However, due to the time required to perform tests, it is generally not recommended for routine acceptance testing.  
4.2 Procedures B and C—These procedures are performance tests intended as a design aid used to simulate the in-situ behavior of geosynthetics under hydrostatic compression. These test methods may assist a design engineer in comparing the ability of several candidate geosynthetic materials to conform to a site specific subgrade under specified use and conditions. In procedure B, the pressure is increased until a failure is observed. In procedure C, a given set of conditions (pressure, temperature and test duration) are maintained constant and the performance of the system is observed at the end of the test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the stress/time properties of geosynthetics by using hydrostatic pressure to compress the geosynthetic over synthetic or natural test bases consisting of manufactured test pyramids/cones, rocks, soil or voids.  
1.2 This test method allows the user to determine the relative failure mode, points of failure for geosynthetics, or both.  
1.3 This test method offers two distinct procedures.  
1.3.1 Procedure A incorporates manufactured test pyramids or cones as the base of the testing apparatus. Procedure A is intended to create comparable data between laboratories, and can be used as a guide for routine acceptance test for various materials.  
1.3.2 Procedures B and C incorporate site specific soil or other material selected by the user as the test base of the testing apparatus. Procedures B and C are methods for geosynthetic design for a specific site.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see Section 6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2013
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.10 - Geomembranes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5514-06(2011) - Standard Test Method for Large Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014
Replaced By
ASTM D5514/D5514M-18 - Standard Test Method for Large-Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM D6434-12(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM D4439-23b - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM D6455-11(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM D7106/D7106M-05(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Geomembranes
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5514/D5514M − 14
Standard Test Method for
1
Large Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5514/D5514M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
1.1 This test method evaluates the stress/time properties of
D1505Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
geosynthetics by using hydrostatic pressure to compress the
Gradient Technique
geosynthetic over synthetic or natural test bases consisting of
D2488Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
manufactured test pyramids/cones, rocks, soil or voids.
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
1.2 This test method allows the user to determine the
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
relative failure mode, points of failure for geosynthetics, or
D5199Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
both.
of Geosynthetics
D5261Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of
1.3 This test method offers two distinct procedures.
1.3.1 ProcedureAincorporates manufactured test pyramids Geotextiles
D5994Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness of Tex-
or cones as the base of the testing apparatus. Procedure A is
intended to create comparable data between laboratories, and tured Geomembranes
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
can be used as a guide for routine acceptance test for various
materials. Sieves
1.3.2 Procedures B and C incorporate site specific soil or
3. Terminology
othermaterialselectedbytheuserasthetestbaseofthetesting
apparatus. Procedures B and C are methods for geosynthetic 3.1 Definitions:
design for a specific site.
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geomembranes, n—air main-
tained at a relative humidity of 50 to 70% and a temperature
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
of 21 6 2°C [70 6 4°F].
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.2 critical height (ch), n—the maximum exposed height
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining of a cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance a geosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a given
with the standard. period of time.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.3 failure, n—in testing geosynthetics, water or air pres-
sure in the test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.4 hydrostatic pressure, n—a state of stress in which all
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the principal stresses are equal (and there is noshearstress),as
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
in a liquid at rest; induced artificially by means of a gaged
warning statement, see Section 6.
pressure system; the product of the unit weight of the liquid
and the difference in elevation between the given point and the
2. Referenced Documents
free water elevation.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
refer to Terminology D4439.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
4. Significance and Use
GeosyntheticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.10onGeomem-
branes.
4.1 Procedure A—This procedure is an index type test
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published January 2014. Originally
which can be used as a guide for acceptance of commercial
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5514–06(2011).
DOI: 10.1520/D5514_D5514M-14.
shipments of geosynthetics. The standard cone and pyramid
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
test fixtures can establish critical height (ch) consistency with
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
similar material from previous lots or different suppliers, as
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. well as testing from other laboratories. However, due to the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5514/D5514M − 14
timerequiredtoperformtests,itisgenerallynotrecommended 6. Hazards
for routine acceptance testing.
6.1 Warning—In addition to other precautions, the tes
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5514 − 06 (Reapproved 2011) D5514/D5514M − 14
Standard Test Method for
1
Large Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5514;D5514/D5514M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method evaluates the stress/time properties of geosynthetics by using hydrostatic pressure to compress the
geosynthetic over synthetic or natural test bases consisting of manufactured test pyramids/cones, rocks, soil or voids.
1.2 This test method allows the user to determine the relative failure mode, points of failure for geosynthetics, or both.
1.3 This test method offers two distinct procedures.
1.3.1 Procedure A incorporates manufactured test pyramids or cones as the base of the testing apparatus. Procedure A is intended
to create comparable data between laboratories, and can be used as a guide for routine acceptance test for various materials.
1.3.2 Procedures B and C incorporate site specific soil or other material selected by the user as the test base of the testing
apparatus. Procedures B and C are methods for geosynthetic design for a specific site.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in
parentheses are provided for information only.stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be
used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see Section 6.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics
D5261 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles
D5994 Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness of Textured Geomembranes
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geomembranes, n—air maintained at a relative humidity of 50 to 70 % and a temperature of 21 6
2°C (70[70 6 4°F).4°F].
3.1.2 critical height (ch), n—the maximum exposed height of a cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of a
geosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a given period of time.
3.1.3 failure, n—in testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in the test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic.
3.1.4 hydrostatic pressure, n—a state of stress in which all the principal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), as in
a liquid at rest; induced artificially by means of a gaged pressure system; the product of the unit weight of the liquid and the
difference in elevation between the given point and the free water elevation.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Current edition approved June 1, 2011Jan. 1, 2014. Published July 2011January 2014. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
D5514 – 06.D5514 – 06(2011). DOI: 10.1520/D5514-06R11.10.1520/D5514_D5514M-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5514/D5514M − 14
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4439.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Procedure A—This procedure is an index ty
...

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1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.  
1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigate soil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:  
1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.  
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7747/D7747M-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM
ASTM D6992-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7106/D7106M-05(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard provides guidance to obtain data that is the most representative of the material’s characteristics and performance. To properly evaluate EPDM, tests should be performed in accordance with specific test methods and procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) geomembranes used in geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications.  
1.2 This guide includes test methods for three different types of EPDM geomembranes including: scrim-reinforced membranes, composite membranes, and smooth, nonreinforced membranes.  
1.3 The test methods are divided into three categories including manufacturing quality control, optional performance tests, and seam testing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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