ASTM D2937-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine the in-place density of soils which do not contain significant amounts of particles larger than 4.75 mm (3/16 in.), and which can be readily retained in the drive cylinder. This test method may also be used to determine the in-place density of compacted soils used in construction of structural fill, highway embankments, or earth dams. When the in-place density is to be used as a basis for acceptance, the drive cylinder volumes must be as large as practical and not less than 850 cm3 (0.030 ft3 ).
4.2 The general principles of this test method have been successfully used to obtain samples of various field compacted fine-grained soils having a maximum particle size of 4.75 mm (3/16 in.) for purposes other than density determinations, such as testing for engineering properties.
Note 1: Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this standard: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies which meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of in-place density of soil by the drive-cylinder method. The test method involves obtaining an intact soil sample by driving a thin-walled cylinder into the soil and conducting specific measurements and calculations for the determination of in-place density. When sampling or in-place density is required at depth, Test Method D1587 should be used.
1.2 This test method is not recommended for sampling organic or friable soils which may compress during sampling. This test method may not be applicable for soft, organic, highly plastic, noncohesive, saturated or other soils which are easily deformed, compress during sampling, or which may not be retained in the drive cylinder sampler. This test may not be applicable with very hard natural soils or heavily compacted soils that may not be easily penetrated with the drive cylinder sampler. The use of this test method in soils containing an appreciable amount of particles larger than 4.75 mm (3/16 in.) may result in damage to the drive cylinder equipment. Soils containing particles larger than 4.75 mm (3/16 in.) may not yield valid results if voids are created along the wall of the cylinder during driving, or if particles are dislodged from the sample ends during trimming.
1.3 This test method is limited to the procedures necessary for obtaining specimens suitable for determining the in-place density and water content of certain soils. The procedures, precautions, and requirements necessary for selecting locations for obtaining intact samples, suitable for laboratory testing or otherwise determining engineering properties, is beyond the scope of this test method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.
1.4.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or the recording of densit...
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Designation: D2937 − 17
Standard Test Method for
1
Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.4.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
1.1 This test method covers the determination of in-place
of mass (lbm) and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly
density of soil by the drive-cylinder method. The test method
combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute
involves obtaining an intact soil sample by driving a thin-
system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically unde-
walled cylinder into the soil and conducting specific measure-
sirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound
ments and calculations for the determination of in-place
units within a single standard.As stated, this standard includes
density. When sampling or in-place density is required at
the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not
depth, Test Method D1587 should be used.
use/present the slug unit for mass. However, the use of
1.2 This test method is not recommended for sampling
balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or the
3
organic or friable soils which may compress during sampling.
recording of density in lbm/ft shall not be regarded as
Thistestmethodmaynotbeapplicableforsoft,organic,highly
nonconformance with this standard.
plastic, noncohesive, saturated or other soils which are easily
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
deformed, compress during sampling, or which may not be
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
retained in the drive cylinder sampler. This test may not be
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.
applicable with very hard natural soils or heavily compacted
1.5.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
soils that may not be easily penetrated with the drive cylinder
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
sampler. The use of this test method in soils containing an
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
3
appreciable amount of particles larger than 4.75 mm ( ⁄16 in.)
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
may result in damage to the drive cylinder equipment. Soils
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
3
containingparticleslargerthan4.75mm( ⁄16in.)maynotyield
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
valid results if voids are created along the wall of the cylinder
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
during driving, or if particles are dislodged from the sample
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
ends during trimming.
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
1.3 This test method is limited to the procedures necessary
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
for obtaining specimens suitable for determining the in-place
methods for engineering design.
density and water content of certain soils. The procedures,
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
precautions, and requirements necessary for selecting locations
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for obtaining intact samples, suitable for laboratory testing or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
otherwise determining engineering properties, is beyond the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
scope of this test method.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are
2. Referenced Documents
mathematical conversions, which are provided for information
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
purposes only and are not considered standard.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and
2
Construction Control Tests. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2937 – 10. DOI: Standards volume
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2937 − 10 D2937 − 17
Standard Test Method for
1
Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of in-place density of soil by the drive-cylinder method. The test method involves
obtaining a relatively an intact soil sample by driving a thin-walled cylinder and the subsequent activities into the soil and
conducting specific measurements and calculations for the determination of in-place density. When sampling or in-place density
is required at depth, Test Method D1587 should be used.
1.2 This test method is not appropriaterecommended for sampling organic or friable soils which can compress upon sampling,
may compress during sampling. This test method may not be applicable for soft, organic, highly plastic, noncohesive, saturated
or other soils which are easily deformed, compress during sampling, or which may not be retained in the drive cylinder sampler.
This test may not be applicable with very hard natural soils andor heavily compacted soils which cannot that may not be easily
penetrated bywith the drive sampler, soils of low plasticity which will not be readily retained in the cylinder, or soils which contain
appreciable amounts of gravel (particles coarser than 4.75 mm (cylinder sampler. The use of this test method in soils containing
3 3
an appreciable amount of ⁄16 in.)). The presence of particles coarserparticles larger than 4.75 mm ( ⁄16 in.) may introduce significant
errors in density measurements by causing result in damage to the drive cylinder equipment. Soils containing particles larger than
3
4.75 mm ( ⁄16voids in.) may not yield valid results if voids are created along the wall of the cylinder during driving, and when
coarse materials have to be dislodged by the trimming of the sample obtained by the cylinder.or if particles are dislodged from
the sample ends during trimming.
1.3 This test method is limited to the procedures necessary for obtaining specimens suitable for determining the in-place density
and water content of certain soils. The procedures procedures, precautions, and precautionsrequirements necessary for selecting
locations andfor obtaining intact samples, suitable for laboratory testing or otherwise determining engineering properties, is beyond
the scope of this test method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.
1.4.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of
mass (lbm) and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the
gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single
standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit for
3
mass. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or the recording of density in lbm/ft shall not be
regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026, unless superseded by this standard.
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
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