ASTM D4489-95(2011)
(Practice)Standard Practices for Sampling of Waterborne Oils
Standard Practices for Sampling of Waterborne Oils
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Identification of the source of a spilled oil is established by comparison with known oils selected because of their possible relationship to the spill, that is, potential sources. Generally, the suspected source oils are from pipelines, tanks, etc., and therefore pose little problems in sampling compared to the spilled oil. This practice addresses the sampling of spilled oils in particular, but could be applied to appropriate source situations, for example, a ship's bilge.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe the procedures to be used in collecting samples of waterborne oils (see Practice D3415), oil found on adjoining shorelines, or oil-soaked debris, for comparison of oils by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, and for elemental analyses.
1.2 Two practices are described. Practice A involves “grab sampling” macro oil samples. Practice B can be used to sample most types of waterborne oils and is particularly applicable in sampling thin oil films or slicks. Practice selection will be dictated by the physical characteristics and the location of the spilled oil. These two practices are:
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D4489 − 95 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Practices for
Sampling of Waterborne Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4489; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3415Practice for Identification of Waterborne Oils
1.1 These practices describe the procedures to be used in
3. Terminology
collecting samples of waterborne oils (see Practice D3415), oil
found on adjoining shorelines, or oil-soaked debris, for com-
3.1 Definitions—For the definitions of terms used in these
parison of oils by spectroscopic and chromatographic
practices, refer to Terminology D1129.
techniques, and for elemental analyses.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 Two practices are described. Practice A involves “grab
3.2.1 chain of custody—a documented accountability of
sampling”macrooilsamples.PracticeBcanbeusedtosample
each sample, that is, date, time, and signature of each recipient
most types of waterborne oils and is particularly applicable in
when the sample changes hands, from the time of collection
sampling thin oil films or slicks. Practice selection will be
until the requirement for each sample is terminated.
dictated by the physical characteristics and the location of the
spilled oil. These two practices are: 3.2.2 waterborne oil—refer to Practice D3415.
Sections
Practice A (for grab sampling thick layers of oil, viscous oils or 9 to 13
4. Significance and Use
oil soaked debris, oil globules, tar balls, or stranded oil)
Practice B (for TFE–fluorocarbon polymer strip samplers) 14 to17
4.1 Identification of the source of a spilled oil is established
1.3 Each of the two practices is designed to collect oil by comparison with known oils selected because of their
samples with a minimum of water, thereby reducing the possible relationship to the spill, that is, potential sources.
possibility of chemical, physical, or biological alteration by Generally, the suspected source oils are from pipelines, tanks,
prolonged contact with water between the time of collection
etc., and therefore pose little problems in sampling compared
and analysis.
to the spilled oil. This practice addresses the sampling of
spilled oils in particular, but could be applied to appropriate
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
source situations, for example, a ship’s bilge.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
5. Apparatus
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1 Sample Containers, 100 to 125-mL wide-mouth glass
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
jars that have been thoroughly cleaned. When field expedients
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
must be employed, an empty container of each type used
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Forspecifichazards
shouldbeincludedintheshipmenttothelaboratory,tobeused
statements, see Section 7.
as a blank to measure inadvertent contamination.
5.2 Closures—Lids for the glass jars should have TFE-
2. Referenced Documents
2 fluorocarbon polymer film or aluminum-coated insert.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
5.3 Strip Samplers, 5 by 7.5 cm pieces ofTFE-fluorocarbon
polymer sheets (0.25 mm thickness, or screen or fabric (50–70
1 mesh)).
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.06 on Methods forAnalysis
5.4 Wooden Tongue Depressor.
for Organic Substances in Water.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
5.5 TFE-Fluorocarbon Polymer Net Sampling Kit.
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4489–95 (2006).
DOI: 10.1520/D4489-95R11.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Sampling kit available from General Oceanics, Miami, FL, or equivalent, is
the ASTM website. suitable.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4489 − 95 (2011)
6. Reagents PRACTICE A—GRAB SAMPLING
6.1 High Purity Solvents, that must be used for rinsing
9. Scope
samplers and sample containers. The solvents which may be
9.1 This practice is applicable to thick layers of waterborne
used are n-hexane, mixed hexanes, cyclohexane, pentane, or
oil films, viscous oils, oil globules, and tar balls.
dichloromethane, acetone, or chloroform.
9.2 This practice is also applicable to sampling oil stranded
7. Hazards on shorelines or oil-soaked debris.
7.1 Precaution: Extreme care should be exercised so as not
10. Summary of Practice
to contaminate the samples or cause their integrity to be
10.1 Thesamplingconsistsofcollectingthesampledirectly
questioned.
with the sample container, that is, scooping the sample up in
7.2 Warning: The rinsing solvents are volatile and, except
the sample jar and sealing.
for dichloromethane, are flammable, and therefore should be
handled with appropriate care. Dichloromethane will release
11. Apparatus
toxic vapors when heated.
11.1 The sample container serves as the sampling device
7.3 Minimize contact with oil even when wearing gloves.
(see 5.1). The glass jars and lid liners should be rinsed three
times with a high purity solvent (see 6.1), allowed to air dry,
8. General Sampling Guidelines
and assembled prior to use. Sample jars that are precleaned
using EPA recommended wash procedures for organics are
8.1 The objective is to obtain a sample for analysis that is
acceptable.
representative of the spilled oil. The most critical factors in
sampling are selecting a suitable location, collecting a sample
NOTE 2—To avoid possible sample contamination, do not reuse sample
of oil with the least water possible (to minimize possible
containers, lids, or liners.
sample alteration), and maintaining the sample integrity.
11.2 Nitrile gloves are to be worn during sampling.
8.2 Itisrecommendedthatatleastthreesamplesbetakenof
11.3 Adetachable ring for the sample jar and sampling pole
eachwaterborneoilinordertodemonstratethehomogeneityof
may be useful to extend sampling range.
the spill.These samples should be taken in different regions of
the oil slick at points where the accumulation is heaviest. This
12. Procedure for Floating Samples
will increase the volume of oil available for analysis. In the
12.1 Select the sampling site.
event that multiple samples cannot be collected, then a single
12.2 Unscrew the lid from the sample jar. Hold the jar in
sample should be collected from the area where the accumu-
position for sampling; hold the lid in a free hand or place the
lation of oil visually appears to be the heaviest.
lidinasafeposition.Gentlylowerthesamplejarintothewater
8.3 The following general rules are applicable to sampling
and gently skim the oil layer or oil globules from the water
of waterborne oils:
surface into the sample container. Continue the process until
8.3.1 Take a sample that contains sufficient oil for the
the sample container is approximately three-quarters full.
method or methods of analysis to be employed and for any
12.3 Remove the sample container from the water surface,
replicate analyses that may be required.
replace and tighten the lid. Invert the jar and allow the
8.3.2 Affix a label or tag to the sample jar in such a manner
container to stand in this position for 2 to 3 min.
that it becomes an integral part of the container. The label or
tag should contain the following information: sample
12.4 Gently unscrew the sample jar lid and allow the water
identification, date and time of collection, location of
layer to drain out of the inverted container. Seal the lid and
collection, signature of person collecting the sample, and at
return the jar to the upright position.
l
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