ASTM G205-23
(Guide)Standard Guide for Determining Emulsion Properties, Wetting Behavior, and Corrosion-Inhibitory Properties of Crude Oils
Standard Guide for Determining Emulsion Properties, Wetting Behavior, and Corrosion-Inhibitory Properties of Crude Oils
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the absence of water, the crude oil is noncorrosive. However, trace amounts of water and sediment have the potential to create corrosive situations during crude oil handling or transport if such materials accumulate and persist on steel surfaces. Test Methods D473 and D4006 provide methods for determination of the water and sediment content of crude oil.
5.2 The potential for a corrosive situation to develop during the handling and transport of crude oil that contains water can be determined by a combination of three properties (Fig. 1) (1)6: the type of emulsion formed between oil and water, the wettability of the steel surface, and the corrosivity of water phase in the presence of oil.
FIG. 1 Predicting Influence of Crude Oil on the Corrosivity of Aqueous Phase
5.3 Water and oil are immiscible but, under certain conditions, they can form emulsion. There are two kinds of emulsion: oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O). W/O emulsion (in which oil is the continuous phase) has low conductivity and is thus less corrosive; whereas O/W (in which water is the continuous phase) has high conductivity and, hence, is corrosive (2) (see ISO 6614). The percentage of water at which W/O converts to O/W is known as the emulsion inversion point (EIP). EIP can be determined by measuring the conductivity of the emulsion. At and above the EIP, a continuous phase of water or free water is present. Therefore, there is a potential for corrosion.
5.4 Whether water phase can cause corrosion in the presence of oil depends on whether the surface is oil-wet (hydrophobic) or water-wet (hydrophilic) (1, 3-5). Because of higher resistance, an oil-wet surface is not susceptible to corrosion, but a water-wet surface is. Wettability can be characterized by measuring the contact angle or by evaluating the tendency of water to displace oil from a multi-electrode array by measuring the resistance (or conductors) between the electrodes (spreading methodology).
5.4.1 In the con...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers some generally accepted laboratory methodologies that are used for determining emulsion forming tendency, wetting behavior, and corrosion-inhibitory properties of crude oil.
1.2 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and methods, but rather covers a range of approaches that have found application in evaluating emulsions, wettability, and the corrosion rate of steel in crude oil/water mixtures.
1.3 Only those methodologies that have found wide acceptance in the industry are considered in this guide.
1.4 This guide is intended to assist in the selection of methodologies that can be used for determining the corrosivity of crude oil under conditions in which water is present in the liquid state (typically up to 100 °C). These conditions normally occur during oil and gas production, storage, and transportation in the pipelines.
1.5 This guide is not applicable at higher temperatures (typically above 300 °C) that occur during refining crude oil in refineries.
1.6 This guide involves the use of electrical currents in the presence of flammable liquids. Awareness of fire safety is critical for the safe use of this guide.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G205 − 23
Standard Guide for
Determining Emulsion Properties, Wetting Behavior, and
1
Corrosion-Inhibitory Properties of Crude Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G205; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This guide covers some generally accepted laboratory
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
methodologies that are used for determining emulsion forming
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
tendency, wetting behavior, and corrosion-inhibitory properties
of crude oil.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
methods, but rather covers a range of approaches that have
D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils
found application in evaluating emulsions, wettability, and the
by the Extraction Method
corrosion rate of steel in crude oil/water mixtures.
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of
1.3 Only those methodologies that have found wide accep-
Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
tance in the industry are considered in this guide.
D724 Test Method for Surface Wettability of Paper (Angle-
3
of-Contact Method) (Withdrawn 2009)
1.4 This guide is intended to assist in the selection of
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
methodologies that can be used for determining the corrosivity
tivity of Water
of crude oil under conditions in which water is present in the
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
liquid state (typically up to 100 °C). These conditions normally
D1141 Practice for Preparation of Substitute Ocean Water
occur during oil and gas production, storage, and transportation
D4006 Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Distillation
in the pipelines.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
1.5 This guide is not applicable at higher temperatures
Petroleum Products
(typically above 300 °C) that occur during refining crude oil in
G1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-
refineries.
sion Test Specimens
1.6 This guide involves the use of electrical currents in the
G31 Guide for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of
presence of flammable liquids. Awareness of fire safety is
Metals
critical for the safe use of this guide.
G111 Guide for Corrosion Tests in High Temperature or
High Pressure Environment, or Both
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
G170 Guide for Evaluating and Qualifying Oilfield and
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors in the Laboratory
standard.
G184 Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oil Field and
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using Rotating Cage
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
G185 Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oil Field and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using the Rotating Cylinder
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Electrode
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
G193 Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
G202 Test Method for Using Atmospheric Pressure Rotating
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Cage
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05 on Laboratory contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Corrosion Tests. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published January 2024. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as G205 – 16. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/G0205-23. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G205 − 23
4
2.2 ISO Standard: dling or transport if such materials accumulate and persist on
ISO
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: G205 − 16 G205 − 23
Standard Guide for
Determining Emulsion Properties, Wetting Behavior, and
1
Corrosion-Inhibitory Properties of Crude Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G205; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide presentscovers some generally accepted laboratory methodologies that are used for determining emulsion forming
tendency, wetting behavior, and corrosion-inhibitory properties of crude oil.
1.2 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and methods, but rather covers a range of approaches that have found
application in evaluating emulsions, wettability, and the corrosion rate of steel in crude oil/water mixtures.
1.3 Only those methodologies that have found wide acceptance in the industry are considered in this guide.
1.4 This guide is intended to assist in the selection of methodologies that can be used for determining the corrosivity of crude oil
under conditions in which water is present in the liquid state (typically up to 100°C).100 °C). These conditions normally occur
during oil and gas production, storage, and transportation in the pipelines.
1.5 This guide is not applicable at higher temperatures (typically above 300°C)300 °C) that occur during refining crude oil in
refineries.
1.6 This guide involves the use of electrical currents in the presence of flammable liquids. Awareness of fire safety is critical for
the safe use of this guide.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05 on Laboratory Corrosion
Tests.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2023. Published December 2016January 2024. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 20102016
as G205 – 10.G205 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/G0205-16.10.1520/G0205-23.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G205 − 23
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
D96 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure) (Withdrawn 2000)
D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction Method
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
3
D724 Test Method for Surface Wettability of Paper (Angle-of-Contact Method) (Withdrawn 2009)
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1141 Practice for Preparation of Substitute Ocean Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D4006 Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Distillation
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
3
D4377 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiometric Karl Fischer Titration (Withdrawn 2020)
G1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens
G31 Guide for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals
G111 Guide for Corrosion Tests in High Temperature or High Pressure Environment, or Both
G170 Guide for Evaluating and Qualifying Oilfield and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors in the Laboratory
G184 Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oil Field and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using Rotating Cage
G185 Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oil Field and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using the Rotating Cylinder Electrode
G193 Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion
G202 Test Method for Usi
...
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