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ASTM E1645-21

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Preparation of Dried Paint Samples by Hotplate or Microwave Digestion for Subsequent Lead Analysis

Standard Practice for Preparation of Dried Paint Samples by Hotplate or Microwave Digestion for Subsequent Lead Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Paint in buildings and related structures needs to be monitored for lead content in order to determine the potential lead hazard. Hence, effective and efficient methods are required for the preparation of paint samples that may contain lead.  
5.2 This practice may be used for the digestion of paint samples that are collected during various lead-hazard control and risk assessment activities associated with lead abatement in and around buildings and related structures. This practice is also suitable for the digestion of paint samples collected from locations such as commercial buildings.  
5.3 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been obtained in order to ensure compliance with laws that govern lead content in paints.  
5.4 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been collected for risk assessment purposes.  
5.5 This practice is intended for use with paint samples that are prepared for subsequent analysis by quantitative analytical methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sample preparation procedures for paint samples that are collected during the assessment, management or control of lead hazards.  
1.2 This practice describes the digestion procedures using a hot plate or microwave oven or apparatus for paint samples that are to be analyzed for lead content.  
1.3 This practice covers the general considerations for quantitative sample extraction for total recoverable lead in dried paint samples (either bulk paint or paint powder) using hot plate or microwave heating techniques, or both.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and not part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This practice is based on NIOSH Methods 7082 and 7105, and on an EPA standard operating procedure for lead in paint.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.2, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.2.2, 6.3.2.4, 8.2.1, and 8.2.2.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Aug-2021
ICS
87.040 - Paints and varnishes
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.12 - Sampling and Analysis of Lead for Exposure and Risk Assessment
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

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ASTM E1645-21 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Dried Paint Samples by Hotplate or Microwave Digestion for Subsequent Lead AnalysisASTM E1645-21 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Dried Paint Samples by Hotplate or Microwave Digestion for Subsequent Lead Analysis
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1645 − 21
Standard Practice for
Preparation of Dried Paint Samples by Hotplate or
1
Microwave Digestion for Subsequent Lead Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1645; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers the sample preparation procedures
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
for paint samples that are collected during the assessment,
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
management or control of lead hazards.
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
1.2 This practice describes the digestion procedures using a
Atmospheres
hotplateormicrowaveovenorapparatusforpaintsamplesthat
E288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks
are to be analyzed for lead content.
E969 Specification for Glass Volumetric (Transfer) Pipets
E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
1.3 This practice covers the general considerations for
E1729 Practice for Field Collection of Dried Paint Samples
quantitative sample extraction for total recoverable lead in
for Subsequent Lead Determination
dried paint samples (either bulk paint or paint powder) using
3
hot plate or microwave heating techniques, or both. 2.2 ISO Documents:
ISO Guide 30 Reference materials — Selected terms and
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and not
definitions
part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.
ISO 1042 Laboratory glassware — One-mark volumetric
1.5 This practice is based on NIOSH Methods 7082 and flasks
ISO 8655 Piston-operated volumetric apparatus — Part 1:
7105, and on an EPA standard operating procedure for lead in
paint. Terminology, general requirements and user recommen-
dations
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.3 Other Documents:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
NTIS No. PB92–114172 Standard Operating Procedures for
standard.
Lead in Paint by Hotplate- or Microwave-based Acid
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
DigestionsandAtomicAbsorptionorInductivelyCoupled
4
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Plasma Emission Spectrometry
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NMAM 7082 and 7105 NIOSH Manual of Analytical
5
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Methods, 4th ed.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For specific warning statements, see 6.1.2, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.2.2, 3. Terminology
6.3.2.4, 8.2.1, and 8.2.2.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to the
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
preparation of dried paint samples that are not given here, refer
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the ASTM website.
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
1 4
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC (1991). Available from National
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.12 on Sampling and Analysis Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5301 Shawnee Rd., Alexandria, VA 22312,
of Lead for Exposure and Risk Assessment. http://www.ntis.gov.
5
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally P.M.Eller,andM.E.Cassinelli,Eds.,NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafety
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E1645 – 20a. DOI: & Health, Cincinnati, OH (1994). Available from NIOSH Publications, 1150
10.1520/E1645-21. Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, Mail Stop C14, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1645 − 21
to Terminologies D1129, D1356,or E1
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1645 − 20a E1645 − 21
Standard Practice for
Preparation of Dried Paint Samples by Hotplate or
1
Microwave Digestion for Subsequent Lead Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1645; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the sample preparation procedures for paint samples that are collected during the assessment, management
or control of lead hazards.
1.2 This practice describes the digestion procedures using a hot plate or microwave oven or apparatus for paint samples that are
to be analyzed for lead content.
1.3 This practice covers the general considerations for quantitative sample extraction for total recoverable lead in dried paint
samples (either bulk paint or paint powder) using hot plate or microwave heating techniques, or both.
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and not part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.
1.5 This practice is based on NIOSH Methods 7082 and 7105, and on an EPA standard operating procedure for lead in paint.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.2, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.2.2, 6.3.2.4, 7.2.18.2.1, and 7.2.28.2.2.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
E288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.12 on Sampling and Analysis of
Lead for Exposure and Risk Assessment.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020Sept. 1, 2021. Published December 2020October 2021. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as
E1645 – 20.E1645 – 20a. DOI: 10.1520/E1645-20A.10.1520/E1645-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1645 − 21
E969 Specification for Glass Volumetric (Transfer) Pipets
E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
E1729 Practice for Field Collection of Dried Paint Samples for Subsequent Lead Determination
3
2.2 ISO Documents:
ISO Guide 30 Reference materials — Selected terms and definitions
ISO 1042 Laboratory glassware — One-mark volumetric flasks
ISO 8655 Piston-operated volumetric apparatus — Part 1: Terminology, general requirements and user recommendations
2.3 Other Documents:
NTIS No. PB92–114172 Standard Operating Procedures for Lead in Paint by Hotplate- or Microwave-based Acid Digestions
4
and Atomic Absorption or Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry
5
NMAM 7082 and 7105 NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to the preparation of dried paint samples that are not given here, refer to
Terminologies D1129, D1356, or E1605.
3.1.1 batch, n—a group of field or quality control samples that are processed together using the same reagents and equipment.
3.1.2 digestate, n—an acidified aqueous solution that results from digestion of the sample.
3.1.3 digestion, n—the sample preparation process that solubilizes (extracts) targeted analytes present in the sample, and results
in an acidified aqueous solutio
...

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ASTM E1753-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of Qualitative Chemical Spot Test Kits for Detection of Lead in Dry Paint Films

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This technique is applicable to dry paint films and varnishes in a variety of forms including the intact dry paint film surface, a notched or other angular cut surface that exposes a cross section of all paint layers, a paint chip, and ground paint film.  
5.2 The response of the spot test method varies depending on the extractability of lead from a coating matrix, which may differ depending on the test kit used, the coating type tested, and the type of lead pigment (3).  
5.3 In some situations, metals and other chemical species interfere with the spot tests causing false negative or false positive results (see Section 8).  
5.4 A spot test result may be used as a negative screen for the presence of lead in paints and varnishes provided the response of the test kit is sensitive to detecting lead reliably at a given predetermined level, for example, a regulatory action level (4).  
5.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with quantitative and semi-quantitative analytical methods for lead such as anodic stripping voltammetry or spectroscopic laboratory analysis of paint chip samples, or portable X-ray fluorescence testing of in situ paint films.  
5.6 Colorblind individuals (protanomalous viewers) who are deficient in viewing red colors may have difficulty in discerning the pink or red color of a positive rhodizonate test.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of commercial spot test kits based on either sulfide or rhodizonate for the qualitative determination of the presence of lead in dry paint films.  
1.2 This practice may also be used as a qualitative procedure for other dry coating films such as varnishes.  
1.3 This practice provides a list of the advantages and limitations of chemical spot test kits based on sulfide and rhodizonate to allow the user to choose the appropriate spot test for a given circumstance.  
1.4 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements.  
1.5 Methods described in this practice may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Practice for Conducting Visual Assessments for Lead Hazards in Buildings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice supports lead poisoning prevention activities by providing standardized procedures for conducting visual assessments.  
4.2 This practice is intended to be used with other ASTM standards, as appropriate, for conducting lead-hazard assessments.  
4.3 This practice is intended for use by individuals trained to conduct visual assessments associated with lead-hazard activities and in reporting their results. This practice is also applicable for use by others interested in visual assessment of properties for lead hazards, such as building code officials, building operators, homeowners, and insurers.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting visual assessments in buildings to visually identify the type and location of potential lead hazards. These potential hazards are associated with deteriorated leaded paint, lead in dust, or lead in soil.  
1.2 This practice addresses visual assessment procedures for lead-hazard activities such as: lead risk (hazard) assessment (Guide E2115), clearance examination (Practices E2271/E2271M and E3074/E3074M), assessment of paint condition, and re-evaluation inspection. It also can be applied to visual assessments following paint maintenance or renovation or repainting activities, or combinations thereof.  
1.3 Because there is considerable overlap among the requirements for lead-hazard activities, this standard first describes a generic visual assessment procedure, and then defines a specific procedure for each assessment type in terms of additions to, or deletions from, the generic procedure.  
1.4 This practice does not address testing needed to confirm the presence of lead hazards.  
1.5 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use with other standards that address the collection and preparation of samples (dusts by wipe, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.  
5.2 Laboratories analyzing samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures shall conform to Practice E1583, or shall be recognized for lead analysis as promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction, or both.
Note 1: In the United States of America, laboratories performing analysis of samples collected during lead-based paint activities are required to be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 and to other requirements promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for analysis of dried paint, soil, and dust wipe samples collected in and around buildings and related structures for lead content using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).  
1.2 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-OES, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences, and procedures for their correction. For determination of lead (Pb) and other metals in air by ICP-OES, see Test Method D7035.  
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1.4 It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for sampling materials of untested matrices.  
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Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for nonreinforced liquid coating encapsulation products (single or multiple-coat systems) for leaded paint in buildings. Three types of nonreinforced liquid coating encapsulation products are presented: type I - encapsulation products intended for interior use, type II - encapsulation products intended for exterior use, and type III - encapsulation products intended for either interior or exterior use. The impact resistance, adhesion, dry abrasion resistance, water vapour transmission, water and chemical resistance, surface burning characteristics, and volatile organic compound content shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. Weathering, aging, scrub resistance, mildew resistance, paintability/repairability, flexibility, and tensile properties shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for non-reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products (single or multiple-coat systems) for leaded paint in buildings. Performance properties addressed in this specification are:  
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1.1.14 Tensile properties.  
1.2 This specification does not address the selection of an encapsulation product for specific use conditions. Specific use conditions may require performance values other than those stated in this specification. See Guide E1796.  
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Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard primarily addresses encapsulant products for residential and child-care facilities. It may also be appropriate for some commercial buildings.  
4.2 Encapsulation provides a means of protecting occupants from exposure to lead in paint in buildings that are likely to remain standing for a long period of time. This nondestructive abatement strategy is useful in situations in which the primary structure needs to remain intact for either historical or economic reasons. Encapsulation offers an abatement strategy that may be more cost effective than abatement by removal of the paint.  
4.3 There are many environmental and use conditions that affect leaded paint liquid coating encapsulation products, and different types of liquid coating encapsulation products have been developed specifically to meet the requirements of the various conditions. Product types include non-reinforced liquid coatings, as well as products for interior or exterior use. These products may be applied over many different surfaces coated with one or more layers of leaded paint and possibly other coatings. Encapsulation products in service are subjected to many kinds of wear. Various colors and finishes are also available. This guide is intended to assist the purchaser in determining which product is most appropriate for the specific conditions under which the product will be used.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide building users such as private building owners, contractors, architects, homeowners, and regulatory authorities with assistance in selecting an appropriate liquid coating encapsulation product for architectural residence and child-care facility use situations for abating leaded paint. This guide also provides information that can be used to assist in the following: (1) determining whether a painted surface is suitable for encapsulation, (2) applying a liquid coating encapsulation product, (3) evaluating installed liquid coating encapsulation products, and (4) maintaining the encapsulated surface.  
1.2 This guide applies to any liquid-applied product that relies primarily on adhesion for attachment to the surface and is designed to reduce human exposure to lead in paint.  
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ASTM E1729-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Field Collection of Dried Paint Samples for Subsequent Lead Determination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although this practice is intended for the collection of dried paint samples in and around buildings for the subsequent determination of lead content, this practice may also be used to collect paint samples from other structures for lead analysis.3  
5.2 The variability associated with the sampling of dried paint is generally considered to be far higher than the variability associated with the analyses of the paint specimens. Therefore, it is essential that sample collection be properly controlled to produce representative and meaningful samples.  
5.3 These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent digestion using sample preparation techniques such as Practices E1645 or E1979 and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) (see Test Method E3203) or flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) (see Test Method E3193).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of samples of dried paint and other coatings from buildings.  
1.2 This practice is used to collect samples for subsequent determination of lead on an area basis (milligrams of lead per area sampled) or concentration basis (milligrams of lead per gram of dried paint collected or mass percent of lead in the paint sample collected).  
1.3 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan that includes the number and location of samples) that are used for risk assessment and other lead hazard activities. See Guide E2115 or Practices E2271/E2271M or E3074/E3074M.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 7.4.1.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D16-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications

SCOPE
1.1 This standard consists of technical terms used in standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 (on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications), and of definitions suitable for use in these standards.
Note 1: When any definition in this standards is quoted or published out of the context of this standard, editorially insert the following delimiting statement “for paints and related coatings, materials, and applications” after the dash following the term (in the absence of an existing delimiting statement). This will limit the filed of application of the term and definition to that approved by this committee.  
1.2 In this terminology standard, definitions used in other ASTM standards are indicated by following the definition with the designation of that standard. In some cases, a relevant D01 subcommittee is also listed. Definitions influenced by those used by other organizations are indicated by the acronym of the organization. Primary terms are given in bold, while narrower and unapproved terms are given in italics.  
1.3 There are several specialized terminology standards under the jurisdiction of Committee D01, as follows: D804, D1695, D6440, D6488, and D7188. Few definitions from those standards are included in Terminology D16. Therefore, in searches for definitions of paints and coatings terms, these standards should be included where appropriate.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1644-01(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Varnishes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 These test methods are applicable to varnish and are useful to producers and users in determining nonvolatile content and are sometimes an appropriate measure of the film-forming matter in varnish.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the fraction of a varnish that is nonvolatile at the temperature of the test while volatile solvents are driven off. It is sometimes an approximate measure of the film-forming matter in a varnish.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific statement, see Section 3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2805-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflectometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a precise instrumental method giving results having an absolute physical significance without reference to a comparison paint. It should be used when maximum precision and minimum subjectivity are required, as in testing specification coatings or evaluating the hiding efficiency of pigments.  
5.2 Hiding power Test Method D344 is visual instead of instrumental, and gives results that are relative to a material standard instead of absolute. It is less precise than Test Method D2805 but more closely aligned with practical painting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination, without reference to a material paint standard, of the hiding power of air dry coatings with Y tristimulus values greater than 15 %. With appropriate modification, it can also be used to test baking finishes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3322-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Testing Primers and Primer Surfacers Over Preformed Metal

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Primers and primer surfacers may be used over many different surfaces top coated with one or more of a variety of coatings and subjected to many kinds of wear and exposure.  
4.2 The selection of the tests to be used for any given product or system must be governed by experience and by the requirement agreed upon between the producer and the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the selection and use of procedures for testing primers and primer surfacers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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