ASTM A504/A504M-08(2013)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels
Standard Specification for Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels
ABSTRACT
This specification deals with one-wear, two-wear, and multiple-wear wrought carbon steel wheels for locomotives and cars. The classes of steel wheels according to passenger car service covered here are: Class L, which are for high speed services with more severe braking conditions than other classes and light wheel loads; Class A, which are for high speed services with more severe braking conditions, but moderate wheel loads; Class B, which are for high speed services with severe braking conditions and heavier wheel loads; Class C (1), which are for services with light braking conditions and heavier wheel loads; and Class C (2), which are for services with heavier braking conditions where off-tread brakes are employed. Class B and C wheels shall be used for freight cars in interchange service, and are recommended for use on locomotives. Wheels shall be treated by rim-quenching and shot peening, and shall be finished by rough boring and machining. Heat analysis and rim hardness measurement procedures shall be performed to evaluate the conformance of wheel specimens with chemical composition and Brinell hardness requirements, respectively. Materials shall also go through nondestructive ultrasonic and magnetic particle examinations. Finally, customary product marking procedures shall be followed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers one-wear, two-wear, and multiple-wear wrought carbon steel wheels for locomotives and cars, designated Classes L, A, B, and C, heat-treated, wheels.
1.2 The service for which the various classes are intended is as follows:
1.2.1 Class B or C wheels shall be used for freight cars in interchange service.
1.2.2 Class B or C wheels are recommended for use on locomotives.
1.2.3 For passenger car service, the various classes are intended generally as follows:
1.2.3.1 Class L—High speed with more severe braking conditions than other classes and light wheel loads.
1.2.3.2 Class A—High speed with more severe braking conditions, but moderate wheel loads.
1.2.3.3 Class B—High speed service with severe braking conditions and heavier wheel loads.
1.2.3.4 Class C—(1) Service with light braking conditions and heavier wheel loads.
1.2.3.5 Class C—(2) Service with heavier braking conditions where off-tread brakes are employed.
1.3 The use of two-wear wheels is recommended for freight car service.
1.4 Supplementary requirements included in Specification A788/A788M may be specified by the purchaser for forgings ordered to this specification.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.6 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:A504/A504M −08(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Specification for
Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA504/A504M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-
tion designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-
1.1 This specification covers one-wear, two-wear, and
pound units.
multiple-wear wrought carbon steel wheels for locomotives
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and cars, designated Classes L, A, B, and C, heat-treated,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
wheels.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 The service for which the various classes are intended is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
as follows:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2.1 Class B or C wheels shall be used for freight cars in
interchange service.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2.2 Class B or C wheels are recommended for use on
2.1 ASTM Standards:
locomotives.
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
1.2.3 For passenger car service, the various classes are
Steel Forgings
intended generally as follows:
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
1.2.3.1 Class L—High speed with more severe braking
Forgings
conditions than other classes and light wheel loads.
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
1.2.3.2 Class A—High speed with more severe braking
quirements
conditions, but moderate wheel loads.
2.2 SAE Documents:
1.2.3.3 Class B—High speed service with severe braking
SAE J 442 Test Strip, Holder and Gage for Shot Peening
conditions and heavier wheel loads.
SAEJ443 RecommendedPracticeforProceduresforUsing
1.2.3.4 Class C—(1) Service with light braking conditions
Standard Shot Peening Test Strip
and heavier wheel loads.
SAE J 827 Recommended Practice for Cast Steel Shot
1.2.3.5 Class C—(2) Service with heavier braking condi-
tions where off-tread brakes are employed. 2.3 Military Standard:
MIL-S-13165B Shot Peening of Metal Parts
1.3 The use of two-wear wheels is recommended for freight
2.4 AAR Standard:
car service.
AAR M-107/M-208 Wheels, Carbon Steel
1.4 Supplementary requirements included in Specification
A788/A788M may be specified by the purchaser for forgings
3. Terminology
ordered to this specification.
3.1 Definitions: (The following terminology is unique to the
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Rail Road industry).
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and
3.1.1 multi-wear wheel, n—wheel that has sufficient metal
tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
in the rim for more than two turnings before it must be
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
replaced.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
with the specification.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. Available from Standardization Document Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700
Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originally Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
approved in 1964 to replace A57and A186. Last previous edition approved in 2008 Available from Association of American Railroads (AAR), 425 Third Street,
as A504/A504M – 08. DOI: 10.1520/A0504_A0504M-08R13. SW, Washington, DC 20024, http://www.aar.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A504/A504M−08 (2013)
3.1.2 one wear wheel, n—wheel that has only sufficient 4.2.5 Alternate magnetic particle acceptance criteria
metal for the tread to be worn once to condemnable worn (15.2.3.2),
hollow condition. 4.2.6 Intended service (see Section 1), and
3.1.2.1 Discussion—There is insufficient metal remaining in 4.2.7 Supplementary requirements from Specification
the rim to allow turning or truing of the wheel by machining to A788/A788M if required.
the standard tread contour and still have enough metal in the
5. Chemical Requirements
rimtosupportserviceloads.Wearreferstotheamountofmetal
on the wheel rim when new.
5.1 Heat Analysis
3.1.3 tape size, n—rail road method of expressing wheel 5.1.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemi-
cal composition shown in Table 1.
circumference based on measurement with a steel tape placed
around the tread at the taping line.
6. Manufacture
3.1.3.1 Discussion—For each wheel size there is a cali-
brated tape.Tape size is expressed as the number of one-eighth
6.1 Discard—Sufficient discard shall be made from each
increments from the standard tape for the wheel being mea-
ingot to ensure freedom from piping and undue segregation.
sured. An AAR approved tape has four lugs to correctly space
6.2 Temperatures—During the manufacture, necessary care
thetapefromtherimsothatthetapewillmeasureonthetaping
in the regulation of temperature gradients shall be exercised to
line.
obtain the mechanical properties to be expected from the
3.1.4 two-wear wheel, n—wheel that has more metal in the
chemical composition and mechanical work. Immediately after
rim than a one-wear wheel so that the tread can be worn to
thelasthotfabricatingoperation(coningordishing),allwheels
condemnable hollow condition and then be restored by ma-
shall be allowed to cool to a temperature below the critical
chiningtotheoriginaltreadcontour.Thus,twotreadwearlives
range. The cooling shall be controlled to prevent injury by too
are obtained from this wheel.
rapid cooling.
4. Ordering Information and General Requirements
7. Heat Treatment
4.1 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
7.1 Heat treatment shall consist of treatment of the rim only.
the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
7.2 Rim-Quenching Treatment—The wheels shall be re-
lines basic ordering information, manufacturing requirements,
heated uniformly to the proper temperature to refine the grain
testing and retesting methods, marking, certification, product
and then the rims shall be quenched. Following quenching, the
analysis variations, and additional supplementary require-
wheels shall be charged into a furnace for tempering to meet
ments.
the requirements of Section 13, and subsequently cooled under
4.1.1 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
controlled conditions.
with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, the
requirements of this specification shall prevail.
8. Shot Peening
4.2 Orders for wheels under this specification shall include
8.1 Scope—The plate surfaces (area between the hub and
the following additional information as appropriate:
rim) of all wheels shall be shot-peened in accordance with the
4.2.1 Class (see Table 1),
following requirements:
4.2.2 Fullidentificationofwheeldesign,includingtreadand
flange contour, and dimensional drawing if required, 8.2 Requirements:
4.2.3 Rough bore size, 8.2.1 Shot—The shot shall be No. 550 or larger hardened
4.2.4 Wear category, steel as specified in SAE J 827.
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Element % Class L Class A Class B Class C
Carbon 0.47 max 0.47 – 0.57 0.57 – 0.67 0.67 – 0.77
Manganese 0.60 – 0.90 0.60 – 0.90 0.60 – 0.90 0.60 – 0.90
Phosphorous, max 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
Sulfur 0.005 – 0.040 0.005 – 0.040 0.005 – 0.040 0.005 – 0.040
Silicon 0.15 – 1.00 0.15 – 1.00 0.15 – 1.00 0.15 – 1.00
A
Nickel, max 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
A
Chromium, max 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
A
Molybdenum, max 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
A
Vanadium, max 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
Copper, max 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
Aluminum, max 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060
Titanium, max 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Columbium, max (Niobium) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
A
The manufacturer may exceed the noted maximum limits for nickel, chromium, molybdenum, or vanadium provided that the following relationship (AAR M-107/M-208)
is met:
9302 f5703%Cg2 f803%Mng2 f503%Crg2 f303%Nig2 f203 s%Mo1%Vdg.390
A504/A504M−08 (2013)
8.2.2 Shot Size Control—The peening machines shall be Almen value is less than 0.006, all the wheels peened since the
equipped with a separator for continuously removing broken last satisfactory test shall be repeened with full exposure.
shot. Sufficient new shot shall be added to ensure that a
9. Retreatment
minimumof85 %ofNo.550orlargershotismaintainedinthe
machines at all times.
9.1 Any wheel failing to meet the requirements of Section
8.2.3 Peening Intensity—The peening intensity shall be
13 may be retreated and tested in accordance with 13.1 and
sufficient to produce an average arc height of not less than 13.2.
0.008 Almen C-2 on the front plate near the hub fillet and on
10. Mating
the back plate near the rim fillet of wheels of the standard
design, and at back plate hub fillet and front plate rim fillet of
10.1 Wheels shall be measured and marked to the lower
the reverse plate design.The area to be peened is defined as the
tape number until the next graduation is reached. Wheels shall
plate area extended approximately one half of the way into the
be shipped in pairs of the same measured tape size.
hub and rim fillet radii on the front and on the back of the
NOTE 1—The tables of tape sizes may be referred to in the Wheel and
wheel.
Axle Manual of the Association of American Railroads.
8.2.4 Arc Height Measurement—Measurements of arc
height shall be made in accordance with SAE J 442 or SAE J
11. Permissible Dimensional Variations
443.
11.1 The wheels shall conform to the permissible dimension
8.2.5 Coverage—The minimum peening time shall be suf-
variations specified in Table 2. When the permissible dimen-
ficient to ensure that full coverage is attained on the Almen C
sion variations in Table 2 allow a certain percentage of the
strip as defined in the Alternate Procedure of SAE J 443, or
wheels to vary by a given amount from standard dimensions
MIL-S-13165B, Paragraph 6.11.
for tape size, the percentage of such wheels shipped by any
8.2.6 Sequence—Shot peening shall be performed on all
manufacturer shall not exceed this percentage during a calen-
wheels and after any corrective surface preparation in the plate
dar year. No individual purchaser may receive more than this
area and after completion of required non destructive exami-
percentage in daily shipments of such wheels except by
nations. Plate area is defined in 8.2.3. Peening may be
agreement with the manufacturer.
performed prior to dimensional inspection.
12. Finish
8.2.7 Portable Peeners—A portable peening device may be
used to re-peen small reconditioned areas (no larger than about
12.1 Wheels shall be rough bored and shall not have black
2 by 3 in. [50 by 75 mm]) on wheel plate surfaces excluding
spots in the rough bore. The front hub face of wheels shall be
the critical fillet areas (front hub and back rim). The portable
parallel to the plane of the vertical reference line and may be
equipment must be capable of peening an Almen C-2 Strip to
smooth forged or machined.The back hub face may be smooth
develop the required average arc height of not less than 0.008
forged or machined.
in. [0.203 mm] with a reasonable time of peening. Peening
12.2 Wheels shall be machined and finished smooth without
time of wheel plates must be at least as long as the time
excessive tool chatter.
required to develop the 0.008-in. arc height. The equipment
12.3 Wheels shall be given a thorough surface examination
must be tested on an Almen C Strip each 8-h shift that the
and gauging at the place of manufacture before being offered
portable peener is used. A record of the Almen C test results
for inspection. They shall have a workmanlike finish and must
shall be maintained.
befreeofconditionslikelytodevelopinorcauseremovalfrom
8.3 Quality Assurance Provisions:
service.
8.3.1 Wheel Surface Condition—The peened appearance of
12.4 Wheelsshallnotbecoveredwithanysubstancetosuch
rim and hub shall not be cause for rejection.
an extent as to hide defects.
8.3.2 Frequency of Test—Arc height determinations shall be
12.5 “As forged’’ surfaces shall be free of abrupt changes in
made onAlmen strips attached to a test wheel at the beginning
section or grooves and in a clean condition free of scale prior
and end of each production run but not less than once in each
tofinalinspection.Wherecorrectivemachiningorgrindinghas
eight operating hours.
been employed, such surfaces shall not exceed a roughness of
8.3.3 Retest—If a test fails to meet the arc height require-
500 µin. [12.7 µm] prior to final shot peening, and a uniform
ments of 0.008 Almen C-2, two retests shall be made. These
transition from the machined or ground surface into the plane
retests shall be averaged with the first determination. The
of the “as forged’’ surface must be provided.
averageshallbenotlessthan0.008andnomorethanonevalue
of the three shall be less than 0.008.
13. Mechanical Requirements
8.3.4 Repeening—When test values fail to meet the provi-
13.1 The Brinell hardness of the rim, when measured in
sions of 8.3.3, corrective action shall be initiated and satisfac-
accordance with the requirements of 13.2, shall show the
tory test values secured before proceeding with production
values as listed in Table 3.
peening. If the average Almen value of the unsatisfactory test
is 0.006 or 0.007, the last half of the wheels peened prior to the 13.2 Method of Measurement—Measurement shall be made
unsatisfactory test, but subsequent to a satisfactory test, shall on the front face of the rim with the edge of the impression not
1 3
be repeened with at least ⁄2 exposure time. If the average less than ⁄16 in. [5 mm] from the radius joining face and tread.
A504/A504M−08 (2013)
TABLE 2 Permissible Variations in Wheel Dimensions
Narrow Flange Type Wide Flange Type
Wheel Dimensions
in. mm in. mm
Flange:
1 1
Height of flange + ⁄16 −0 +1.5 −0 + ⁄16 −0 +1.5 −0
1 1 3
Thickness of flange + ⁄16 −0 +1.5 −0 + ⁄32 −
...
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