ASTM D2857-22
(Practice)Standard Practice for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers
Standard Practice for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of dilute solution viscosity provides one item of information towards the molecular characterization of polymers. When viscosity data are used in conjunction with other molecular parameters, the properties of polymers depending on their molecular structure may be predicted.
5.2 Viscosity is dependent on molecular weight distribution, so with certain restrictions, satisfactory correlations can be obtained between dilute-solution viscosity and molecular parameters such as molecular weight or chain length. The most limiting restrictions that must be observed are as follows:
5.2.1 It must be known that the polymers used to establish the correlations and those to which they are applied do not consist of or contain branched species. Basically a measure of molecular size and not molecular weight, the dilute solution viscosity can be correlated appropriately with molecular weight or chain length only if there is a unique relationship between the mass and the size of the dissolved polymer molecules. This is the case for linear, but not for most branched, polymers.
5.2.2 For reasons similar to those outlined in 5.2.1, it must be required that the polymers to which the correlations are applied have the same chemical composition as those used in establishing the relationships.
5.3 For polymers meeting the restrictions of 5.2, empirical relationships can be developed between the dilute solution viscosity of a polymer and its hydrodynamic volume or average chain dimension (radius of gyration or end-to-end distance). Such relationships depend upon any variables influencing this molecular size of the dissolved polymer. The most important of these variables are solvent type and temperature. Thus, the solution viscosity of a given polymer specimen depends on the choice of these variables, and they must always be specified with the viscosity for complete identification.
5.4 The solution viscosity of a polymer of sufficiently high molecular weight m...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the dilute solution viscosity of polymers. There are several ASTM standards (Test Methods D789, D1243, D1601, and D4603, and Practice D3591) that describe dilute solution viscosity procedures for specific polymers, such as nylon, poly(vinyl chloride), polyethylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). This practice is written to augment these standards when problems arise with which the specific procedure is not concerned, or when no standard is available for the polymer under investigation.
1.2 This practice is applicable to all polymers that dissolve completely without chemical reaction or degradation to form solutions that are stable with time at a temperature between ambient and 150°C. Results are usually expressed as relative viscosity (viscosity ratio), inherent viscosity (logarithmic viscosity number), or intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity number) (see 3.1).
1.3 For polyamides, relative viscosity values by this procedure are not equivalent to those determined by Test Methods D789.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 1628, “Plastics—Determination of Viscosity Number and Limiting Viscosity Number,” are technically equivalent.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2857 − 22
Standard Practice for
1
Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the dilute
solution viscosity of polymers. There are several ASTM
2. Referenced Documents
standards (Test Methods D789, D1243, D1601, and D4603,
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and Practice D3591) that describe dilute solution viscosity
procedures for specific polymers, such as nylon, poly(vinyl D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
chloride), polyethylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). This
practice is written to augment these standards when problems ity)
D446Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
arise with which the specific procedure is not concerned, or
when no standard is available for the polymer under investi- Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
D789Test Method for Determination of Relative Viscosity
gation.
of Concentrated Polyamide (PA) Solutions
1.2 This practice is applicable to all polymers that dissolve
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
completely without chemical reaction or degradation to form
D1243Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl
solutions that are stable with time at a temperature between
Chloride Polymers
ambient and 150°C. Results are usually expressed as relative
D1600TerminologyforAbbreviatedTermsRelatingtoPlas-
viscosity (viscosity ratio), inherent viscosity (logarithmic vis-
tics
cosity number), or intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity num-
D1601Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Ethyl-
ber) (see 3.1).
ene Polymers
1.3 For polyamides, relative viscosity values by this proce-
D3591Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity
dure are not equivalent to those determined by Test Methods
Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated
D789.
Compounds
D4603Test Method for Determining Inherent Viscosity of
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by Glass Capillary
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Viscometer
standard.
D5226Practice for Dissolving Polymer Materials
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E2251Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.2 ISO Standard:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1628/1Guidelines for the Standardization of Methods for
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the Determination of Viscosity Number and Limiting
NOTE 1—This standard and ISO 1628, “Plastics—Determination of
3
Viscosity Number of Polymers in Dilute Solution
Viscosity Number and Limiting Viscosity Number,” are technically
equivalent. 2.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology Docu-
ment:
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
4
Circular No. C602Testing of Glass Volumetric Apparatus
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlasticsand the ASTM website.
3
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Current edition approved May 1, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2857-16. DOI: Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
10.1520/D2857-22. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2857 − 16 D2857 − 22
Standard Practice for
1
Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the dilute solution viscosity of polymers. There are several ASTM standards (Test
Methods D789, D1243, D1601, and D4603, and Practice D3591) that describe dilute solution viscosity procedures for specific
polymers, such as nylon, poly(vinyl chloride), polyethylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). This practice is written to augment
these standards when problems arise with which the specific procedure is not concerned, or when no standard is available for the
polymer under investigation.
1.2 This practice is applicable to all polymers that dissolve completely without chemical reaction or degradation to form solutions
that are stable with time at a temperature between ambient and 150°C. Results are usually expressed as relative viscosity (viscosity
ratio), inherent viscosity (logarithmic viscosity number), or intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity number) (see 3.1).
1.3 For polyamides, relative viscosity values by this procedure are not equivalent to those determined by Test Methods D789.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—This standard and ISO 1628, “Plastics—Determination of Viscosity Number and Limiting Viscosity Number,” are technically equivalent.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
D789 Test Method for Determination of Relative Viscosity of Concentrated Polyamide (PA) Solutions
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1243 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl Chloride Polymers
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016May 1, 2022. Published September 2016May 2022. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20072016 as
D2857 - 95D2857 - 16.(2007), which was withdrawn January 2016 and reinstated in September 2016. DOI: 10.1520/D2857-16. DOI: 10.1520/D2857-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D2857 − 22
D1601 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Ethylene Polymers
D3591 Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated Compounds
D4603 Test Method for Determining Inherent Viscosity of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by Glass Capillary Viscometer
D5226 Practice for Dissolving Polymer Materials
E1E2251 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersLiquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard
Precision Liquids
2.2 ISO Standard:
1628/1 Guidelines for the Standardization of Methods for the Determination of Viscosity Number and Limiting Viscosity
3
Number of Polymers in Dilute Solutio
...
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