D20.70 - Analytical Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Properties of EVA copolymers are affected by the amount of vinyl acetate incorporated in the copolymer: This test method provides a means to determine the vinyl acetate level in copolymer samples.  
5.2 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or a combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
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1.1 This test method covers infrared procedures for determining the vinyl acetate content of EVA copolymers using pressed films (Procedure A) or molded plaques (Procedure B) and internal corrections for sample thickness.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of EVA copolymers containing 0.5 to 55 % vinyl acetate except as specified in 1.3.  
1.3 Talc interferes with the 1020 cm−1 vinyl acetate band. Resins containing  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Separation and identification of stabilizers used in the manufacture of polypropylene is necessary in order to correlate performance properties with polymer composition. This test method provides a means to determine erucamide slip, Vitamin E, Irgafos 168, Irganox 3114, Irganox 1010, and Irganox 1076 levels in polypropylene samples. This test method is also applicable for the determination of other antioxidants, such as Ultranox 626, Ethanox 330, Santanox R, and BHT, but the applicability of this test method has not been investigated for these antioxidants.  
5.2 The additive-extraction procedure is made effective by the insolubility of the polymer sample in solvents generally used for liquid chromatographic analysis.  
5.3 Under optimum conditions, the lowest level of detection for a phenolic antioxidant is approximately 2 ppm.
Note 2: Other methods that have been used successfully to remove additives from the plastics matrix include thin film, microwave, ultrasonic, and supercritical fluid extractions. Other methods have been used successfully to separate additives including SFC and capillary GC.  
5.4 Irgafos 168 is a phosphite antioxidant. Phosphites are known to undergo both oxidation and hydrolysis reactions. Less Irgafos 168 will be determined in the polymer when oxidation occurs during processing. The HPLC separation is capable of separating the phosphite, phosphate (oxidation product), and hydrolysis product and quantify them if standards are obtained. No significant breakdown of the phosphite antioxidant has been seen due to either extraction technique or the separation presented in this standard.
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1.1 This test method covers a liquid-chromatographic procedure for the separation of some additives currently used in polypropylene. These additives are extracted with a cyclohexane:methylene chloride mixture using either reflux or ultrasonic bath prior to liquid-chromatographic separation. The ultraviolet absorbance (200 nm) of the compound(s) is measured, and quantitation is performed using the internal standard method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to assist users how to determine polymer properties in polyolefins related to their morphology (2) using TD-NMR Relaxometry, for example, Xylene Solubles (XS) content in polypropylene (PP).  
5.2 The advantage of using TD-NMR Relaxometry lies in the fact that the method is rapid, non-destructive, cost effective, safe for the operator, environmentally friendly, and less dependent on operator consistency than traditional methods.  
5.3 These polymer properties are measured for Quality Assurance (QA), Quality Control (QC) (7) and process control, for example, certificates of analysis (CoA) or optimization of the reaction process (6). These properties are key indicators of performance characteristics and are therefore important in compounding and manufacturing of plastic products.  
5.3.1 This guide is applicable in a laboratory environment, continuous inspection as a quality control or as a research tool. It is also appropriate for use in commercial processes used to produce polyethylene and polypropylene.  
5.4 TD-NMR Relaxometry can measure crystallinity content and relaxation rates directly (4), (5). Polyolefin properties used in industry that are correlated with crystallinity can be quantified. In these cases, a calibration is necessary.  
5.5 As a secondary technique, results achieved by different TD-NMR Relaxometry systems, even from the same vendor, in different laboratories are not necessarily comparable and may result in biases. Therefore, the user is advised to perform measurement validation.
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1.1 This guide is intended to provide suggested approaches and criteria for the determination of polyolefin properties via time-domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (TD-NMR) Relaxometry. Though any crystallinity or morphology related property can be determined using this method (1), (2)2, the focus of this guide is on the prediction of Xylene Solubles content for polypropylene and density (3) for polyethylene as these are the most commonly specified properties for polyolefin manufacturers. Please note that other properties such as flexural modulus, Izod, Charpy, intrinsic viscosity, decalin/hexane solubles and others can be determined as well.  
1.2 High-Level Purpose—The purpose of this guide includes:
(1) educating new users on the use of TD-NMR Relaxometry to determine properties of polyolefins in manufacturing plants and laboratories;
(2) providing a standard terminology that can be used by different vendors and end users;
(3) establishing minimum requirements for apparatus, data acquisition, analysis, calibration and validation;
(4) providing guidance for the specification, evaluation, cost justification, implementation, project management, training, and documentation of TD-NMR Relaxometers; and
(5) providing a functional requirements checklist for TD-NMR Relaxometers for use in polyolefin plants and laboratories that can be integrated with existing systems.  
1.3 Audience—This guide has been created with the needs of the following stakeholders in mind:
(1) end users of TD-NMR Relaxometers for use in polyolefin plants and laboratories,
(2) implementers of TD-NMR Relaxometers for use in polyolefin plants and laboratories,
(3) quality personnel,
(4) information technology personnel,
(5) vendors of TD-NMR Relaxometers for use in polyolefin plants and laboratories,
(6) individuals who approve funding of TD-NMR Relaxometers for use in polyolefin plants and laboratories,
(7) applications support specialists for TD-NMR Relaxometers used in polyolefin plants and laboratories, and
(8) software test/validation specialists.  
1.4 Information contained in this guide will benefit a broad audience of people who interact with a TD-NMR Relaxometer used in polyolefin plants and laboratories. New users can use this guide to understand the purpose and functions of TD-NMR Relaxometers for use in polyolefin plants and laboratories as well as the int...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A measurement of the residual acrylonitrile in nitrile rubbers (NBR), styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers or ABS terpolymers will determine the polymer's suitability for various applications.  
4.2 Under optimum conditions, the minimum level of detection of RAN in NBR, SAN, or ABS terpolymers is approximately 50 ppb.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the residual acrylonitrile (RAN) content in nitrile-butadiene rubbers (NBR), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers, and rubber-modified acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins.  
1.2 Any components that can generate acrylonitrile in the headspace procedure will constitute an interference. The presence of 3-hydroxypropionitrile in latices limits this procedure to dry rubbers and resins.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 6.3 and 6.4.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Identification and Quantification of Phthalates-DBP, BBP, DEHP, DNOP, DINP and DIDP are representative of the phthalates either banned or being monitored by a variety of regulations. Regulations include: EU-Directive 2005/84/EC, US-Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 – section 108, Japan-Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry guideline No. 336 (2010) and IEC 62321-8:2017. These test methods provide a procedure to identify and quantify phthalates in PVC.  
5.2 Other techniques successfully used to separate and identify phthalates in PVC include TD-GC/MS (ASTM D7823), GC/MS, HPLC/UV, HPLC/MS, FTIR, and GC/FID (flame ionization detector).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure to quantify six phthalates by solvent extraction of plasticized PVC articles followed by analysis of the extract by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Six phthalates, BBP, DBP, DEHP, DNOP, DINP, and DIDP, are used to illustrate how to implement the method.
Note 1: The method can be extended to other phthalates in a wide range of polymeric substrates.  
1.2 Within the context of this method, “low level” is defined as 1000 ppm.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Inorganic residues from plastics ashing may be antiblock, fillers, reinforcements, catalyst residues, colorants, etc. The quantitative amounts of each are important variables of the manufacturing process.
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1.1 This test method was developed to determine the inorganic content of plastics by destructive ashing procedures. Ash levels of 0.01 % or above are covered by this test method.  
1.2 These ashing procedures are used only to quantify the residual solids in the polymer and can not be used to identify the individual chemical components of the ash, qualitatively.  
1.3 This test method is limited to those materials (including glass) that are stable to 900°C. Test Method D2584 is recommended for unknown samples, and in instances where fusion of the inorganic portions may be of concern.  
1.4 Fluorinated polymers and polymers containing halogenated components have not been included in these procedures.  
1.5 Two procedures for determining the inorganic residue in plastics are listed as follows:  
1.5.1 Procedure A, Muffle-Furnace Technique— For 5 – 50 gram samples. Samples are flamed over a burner prior to being ashed in a muffle furnace.  
1.5.2 Procedure B, Rapid-Ash Muffle-Furnace Technique— For 2–10 gram samples. Samples are ignited and ashed in a muffle furnace.  
Note 1: For more efficient ashing, the plastic sample should be in the form of powder or pellet.
Note 2: This test method provides consistent results of filler content for a specific filler in a specific resin. However, this method may not provide the absolute filler content in all cases. This includes polymers filled with CaCO3, nano clays, and Carbon Black.
Note 3: Procedure B is equivalent to ISO 3451/1-(E), Method A.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for specific precautionary statements.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Molding and extruding plastic pellets require dust free, dry pellets to prevent processing problems. Plastic producers try to remove the dust and streamers with dust removal systems prior to packaging and loading. How to accurately measure dust and streamer content in plastic pellets is an important quality control issue.  
5.2 Particle size analysis is used to determine a percentage of particle size distribution from a representative sample of the whole. In terms of size analysis concerning plastic pellets, sieving is used to determine the dust content in the range of 500 to 2000 micron. Test Method D1921, Test Method B, is used to determine this type of particle sizing.  
5.3 After dry sieve analysis, particles smaller than 500 microns need to be analyzed by wet method. A fresh sample shall be used for wet analysis. This test method allows washing down the fines attached to the pellets by electrostatic forces.  
5.4 The wet analysis provides accurate quantification of small to large amounts of fines, negating static effects, and eliminating detrimental effects of mechanical agitation. A wet analysis must be employed to accurately quantify lower PPM dust levels in plastic pellets.
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1.1 This test method measures the amount of fine particles adhered on plastic pellets or granules in which they are commonly produced and supplied. The lower limit of this test method is restricted only by the porosity of the filter disc used to capture the particle size being quantified.  
1.2 The wet analysis technique allows for separation and collection of statically charged particles by liquid wash and filtration methods. This must be performed under standard laboratory conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This test method describes an essential practice to check the quality of plastics once the production cycle is terminated and to evaluate the performance of pellet cleaning systems or of the special pneumatic conveying systems for the distinct size fractions below 500 micron only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The logarithmic viscosity number provides information on the effect of compounding or processing of PVC.  
5.2 Exposure of PVC compositions to shear or to high temperatures can result in a change in the logarithmic viscosity number of the resin.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the logarithmic viscosity number of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) homopolymers after compounding or processing.  
1.2 It is the basic assumption of this technique that the formulation of the compounded resin is known and that any additives present can be separated from the resin by extraction with diethyl ether. This is necessary to permit adjustment of the amount of sample used in the test to give a resin concentration in cyclohexanone of 0.2 ± 0.002 g/100 mL.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.3 and 8.4.1.  
Note 1: This test method and ISO 1628-2 are not equivalent.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Solution viscosity values for polymers are related to the average molecular size of that portion of the polymer which dissolves in the solvent.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solution viscosity of polymers using a differential or the modified differential viscometer. It is applicable to all polymers that dissolve completely without chemical reaction or degradation to form solutions that are stable with time and temperature. Results of the test are usually expressed as specific viscosity, intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity number), inherent viscosity (logarithmic viscosity number), or relative viscosity (viscosity ratio).  
1.2 Since there is more than one type of viscometer available to measure a differential pressure, follow the manufacturer’s directions applicable to the equipment being used.  
1.3 The solution viscosity values are comparable with those obtained using a glass capillary of Test Method D2857. This test method differs from the glass capillary in that the solvent and the solution are compared at the same time that a test is run. With a glass capillary, each solution must be referenced back to the solvent run in the same capillary at the same temperature.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When interpreted with the aid of appropriate calibration data, either test method is acceptable for use to compare the total methyl contents of polyethylenes made by similar processes. Data on infrared absorption at certain other wavelengths is potentially useful for information on certain other wavelengths (7).
Note 4: The bias of determination of the concentration of total alkyl groups depends on knowing the concentrations of methyl and ethyl branches present, since these branches have anomalously high absorptivities per group at 1378 cm−1 (7.25 μm).  
4.2 Knowledge of total methyl groups in polyethylene, when combined with data on molecular weight and on reactive end groups such as vinyl, is potentially useful so as to lead to assignment of end-group structures and to shed light upon polymerization mechanisms.  
4.3 Qualitative correlations are possible between data on total methyl groups in polyethylene with certain polymer properties such as melting point, density, stiffness, and other mechanical properties that are closely dependent on the degree of crystallinity of the polymer.  
4.4 These test methods are especially suitable for research. They have not been tested for use in manufacturing control.
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1.1 These test methods cover measurement by infrared absorption spectrophotometry of the 1378 cm−1 (7.25 μm) band in polyethylene due to methyl groups. (1, 2, 3-6)2 Two test methods are covered:  
1.1.1 Test Method A uses compensation with a standard sample film of known methyl content.  
1.1.2 Test Method B uses compensation with a wedge of polymethylene or a polyethylene of known low methyl content.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to polyethylenes of Types I (density 0.910 to 0.925 g/cm3), II (density 0.926 to 0.940 g/cm3), and III (density 0.941 to 0.965 g/cm3).
Note 1: For determination of density, see Specifications D1505.
Note 2: In cases of Type III polyethylene with densities greater than 0.950 g/cm3, different results are obtained with the two test methods.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 7.  
Note 3: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Separation and identification of plasticizer components in PVC is necessary to correlate performance properties with polymer composition. This test method provides a means of determining monomeric plasticizers including adipates, azelates, benzoates, citrates, phthalates, sebacates, and trimellitates.  
5.2 Other methods successfully used to analyze plasticizers are column chromatography, HPLC, GPC, FTIR, and GC/MS.  
5.3 This method is not applicable to plasticizers with molecular weights over 700 g/mol including epoxidized soybean oil and polymeric plasticizers.
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1.1 This practice provides for the separation and identification of monomeric plasticizers in poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds by gas chromatography (GC).  
1.2 The text of this practice references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in Tables and Figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.3 Test Method D2124 is an alternative infrared procedure.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of dilute solution viscosity provides one item of information towards the molecular characterization of polymers. When viscosity data are used in conjunction with other molecular parameters, the properties of polymers depending on their molecular structure may be predicted.  
5.2 Viscosity is dependent on molecular weight distribution, so with certain restrictions, satisfactory correlations can be obtained between dilute-solution viscosity and molecular parameters such as molecular weight or chain length. The most limiting restrictions that must be observed are as follows:  
5.2.1 It must be known that the polymers used to establish the correlations and those to which they are applied do not consist of or contain branched species. Basically a measure of molecular size and not molecular weight, the dilute solution viscosity can be correlated appropriately with molecular weight or chain length only if there is a unique relationship between the mass and the size of the dissolved polymer molecules. This is the case for linear, but not for most branched, polymers.  
5.2.2 For reasons similar to those outlined in 5.2.1, it must be required that the polymers to which the correlations are applied have the same chemical composition as those used in establishing the relationships.  
5.3 For polymers meeting the restrictions of 5.2, empirical relationships can be developed between the dilute solution viscosity of a polymer and its hydrodynamic volume or average chain dimension (radius of gyration or end-to-end distance). Such relationships depend upon any variables influencing this molecular size of the dissolved polymer. The most important of these variables are solvent type and temperature. Thus, the solution viscosity of a given polymer specimen depends on the choice of these variables, and they must always be specified with the viscosity for complete identification.  
5.4 The solution viscosity of a polymer of sufficiently high molecular weight m...
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1.1 This practice covers the determination of the dilute solution viscosity of polymers. There are several ASTM standards (Test Methods D789, D1243, D1601, and D4603, and Practice D3591) that describe dilute solution viscosity procedures for specific polymers, such as nylon, poly(vinyl chloride), polyethylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). This practice is written to augment these standards when problems arise with which the specific procedure is not concerned, or when no standard is available for the polymer under investigation.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to all polymers that dissolve completely without chemical reaction or degradation to form solutions that are stable with time at a temperature between ambient and 150°C. Results are usually expressed as relative viscosity (viscosity ratio), inherent viscosity (logarithmic viscosity number), or intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity number) (see 3.1).  
1.3 For polyamides, relative viscosity values by this procedure are not equivalent to those determined by Test Methods D789.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 1628, “Plastics—Determination of Viscosity Number and Limiting Viscosity Number,” are technically equivalent.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There are three types of olefinic groups present in sufficient concentrations to warrant consideration, one or more of that can normally be found in any polyethylene. The three types are trans-vinylene, R-CH=CH-R′, sometimes referred to as trans-internal unsaturation; vinylidene or pendent methylene, RR′C-CH2; and vinyl unsaturation, R-CH=CH2, also referred to as terminal unsaturation.  
5.2 The type and quantity of these groups can influence the chemical and physical properties of the resin. Information concerning their presence can also be used to characterize or identify unknown resins or blends of resins.  
5.3 Additives can interfere with unsaturation measurements. The use is cautioned to determine which additives are present and if there any absorbance bands caused by additive presence that overlap or interfere with unsaturation absorbance bands used in this test method in the range of 1050 to 850 cm–1. If overlapping bands occur, the method is not applicable.  
5.4 Interference fringes resulting from smooth sample surfaces can cause measurement errors. This test method requires the use of aluminum foil in the compression molding of samples to provide an adequately rough surface to minimize interference fringes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers most types of polyethylene, those ethylene plastics consisting of ethylene and α-olefin comonomers longer than propylene, and blends of the above in any ratio.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent for this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Separation and identification of additives used in the manufacture of polyolefin plastics is necessary in order to correlate performance properties with polymer composition. This practice provides guidelines for extracting phenolic antioxidants, phosphite antioxidants, UV stabilizers, antistatic agents, and slip additives, from milled polyolefin plastics .  
5.2 Water bath shakers and steam-reflux Soxhlet extraction techniques have also been used to successfully remove additives from polyolefin plastics.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a variety of extraction techniques for antioxidant and slip additives used in polyolefins. Typically, the extracted additives are separated and quantified using a chromatographic technique such as the procedure explained in Test Method D6953. Chromatographic analysis of the extracts is not included in this practice.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Infrared techniques frequently cannot detect low-level materials. Gas chromatographic methods possess higher sensitivity and are used to extend limits of detection.  
5.2 It is expected that this guide will be suitable for specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development. An area percent method of determining concentration of the components shall be used if the area percent of the plasticizer is 99.0 % or higher. However, if the area percent of the plasticizer is less than 99.0 % or if any question were to arise about the data, an internal standard shall be used.  
5.3 Impurities potentially found in monomeric plasticizers include alcohols, dibasic acids, and monoesters.
SCOPE
1.1 This gas chromatographic guide covers a procedure for extending the range of purity determination of monomeric plasticizers beyond that now determined by other methods. Due to the need to volatilize the plasticizer, only monomeric plasticizers having definitive boiling points and a molecular weight less than 1000 Daltons, such as dioctyl phthalate, are applicable to this guide.  
1.2 The values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 The text of this guide references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) are not to be considered as requirements of this guide.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 FDA requirements for maximum extractables are specified for resin and uses. This test method provides a means to determine the amount of hexane-soluble low molecular weight material present in polyolefins. It is applicable to resins containing greater than 0.20 % extractables.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an extraction/gravimetric procedure for determination of the amount of hexane soluble low molecular weight material present in polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers. This test method is a modification of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) procedure for determining hexane extractables of polyolefins. This test method is based upon the presumption that the weight of the residue extract present in the solvent is equal to the amount extracted from the film sample and could therefore be quantified by measuring the weight loss of the extracted film, eliminating the complex and time-consuming evaporation process described in 21 CFR 177.1520.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Units used in 21 CFR 177.1520 are also used in this test method. Units are in conformance with Federal Code 21 CFR 177.1520, from which this test method is derived.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The multidimensional approach permits all of the trace impurities to be well separated from the main vinyl chloride peak, thereby improving quantitative accuracy over established packed column methods.  
5.2 The minimum detection limit (MDL) for all components of interest has been shown to be well below 500 ppb for this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a general-purpose capillary-based test method for the determination of trace level impurities in high-purity vinyl chloride. This test method uses serially coupled capillary PLOT columns in conjunction with the multidimensional techniques of column switching and cryogenic trapping to permit the complete separation of the 11 key vinyl chloride impurities in a single 25-min run.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice embodies the specifications to describe the preparation of a polymeric solution.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines the parameters applicable to the preparation of a polymeric solution, such as solvent, concentration, temperature, pressure, time, agitation, and heating mode.  
1.2 The proper use of this practice requires knowledge of solvents and their effect on polymeric materials.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers infrared spectrophotometry procedures for determining the molecular structural features such as types and number of branches in polyolefins and polyolefin copolymers. The structural features expressed by these determinations affect the ultimate polymeric properties and are useful in showing correlations with many performance properties. The apparatus is comprised of double beam or Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, hot plate, microscope slides, compression molding press, metal plates, brass shims, micrometer, and film mounts. Materials shall include polyethylene terephthalate, aluminum, or matte finished teflon-fiberglass sheet. The concentration shall be calculated using either the Beer-Lambert law with the appropriate molar absorptivity or an appropriate calibration curve.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers infrared procedures for determining the molecular structural features in polyolefins and polyolefin copolymers. The structural features of primary concern are the types and numbers of branches. Although this practice centers its attention on polyolefins and polyolefin copolymers, the techniques, with proper modification, can be used for some other polymers as well.
Note 1: Quantitative determinations require either an internal or an external evaluation of sample thickness. ASTM test methods available for specific features are listed in Tables 1 and 2.    
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The specific gravity or density of a solid is a property that is conveniently measured to identify a material, to follow physical changes in a sample, to indicate degree of uniformity among different sampling units or specimens, or to indicate the average density of a large item.  
5.2 Changes in density of a single material are due to localized differences in crystallinity, loss of plasticizer, absorption of solvent, or to other causes. It is possible that portions of a sample differ in density because of their differences in crystallinity, thermal history, porosity, and composition (types or proportions of resin, plasticizer, pigment, or filler).  
5.3 Density is useful for calculating strength-weight and cost-weight ratios.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the determination of the specific gravity (relative density) and density of solid plastics in forms such as sheets, rods, tubes, or molded items.  
1.2 Two test methods are described:  
1.2.1 Test Method A—For testing solid plastics in water, and  
1.2.2 Test Method B—For testing solid plastics in liquids other than water.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard is not equivalent to ISO 1183–1 Method A. This test method provides more guidelines on sample weight and dimension. ISO 1183-1 allows testing at an additional temperature of 27 ± 2°C.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The weight-average molecular weight is a fundamental structure parameter of polymers, which is related to many physical properties of the bulk material, such as its rheological behavior. In addition, knowledge of the weight-average molecular weight, together with knowledge of the number-average molecular weight from osmometry, provides a useful measure of the breadth of the molecular-weight distribution.  
4.2 Other important uses of information on the weight-average molecular weight are correlation with dilute-solution or melt-viscosity measurements and calibration of molecular-weight standards for use in liquid-exclusion (gel-permeation) chromatography.  
4.3 To the extent that the light-scattering photometer is appropriately calibrated, light scattering is an absolute method and is therefore be applied to nonionic homopolymers that have not previously been synthesized or studied.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the test procedures for determining the weight-average molecular weight Mw  of polymers by light scattering. It is applicable to all nonionic homopolymers (linear or branched) that dissolve completely without reaction or degradation to form stable solutions. Copolymers and polyelectrolytes are not within its scope. The procedure also allows the determination of the second virial coefficient, A2, which is a measure of polymer-solvent interactions, and the root-mean-square radius of gyration (s2)1/2, which is a measure of the dimensions of the polymer chain.  
1.2 The molecular-weight range for light scattering is, to some extent, determined by the size of the dissolved polymer molecules and the refractive indices of solvent and polymer. A range frequently stated is 10,000 to 10,000,000, is often extended in either direction with suitable systems and by the use of special techniques.  
1.2.1 The lower limit to molecular weight results from low levels of excess solution scattering over that of the solvent. The greater the specific refractive increment dn/dc (difference in refractive indices of solution and solvent per unit concentration), the greater the level of solution scattering and the lower the molecular weight that shall be determined with a given precision.  
1.2.2 The upper limit to molecular weight results from the angular dependence of the solution scattering, which is determined by the molecular size. For sufficiently large molecules, measurements must be made at small scattering angles, which are ultimately outside the range of the photometer used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are various reasons why one would measure the level of unreacted or residual monomer, water, or other volatile components in a polymer sample.  
4.2 Volatiles of interest are often at trace concentrations. Headspace analysis is suited for determination of these trace components which often cannot be determined by conventional gas chromatography because of sample decomposition or interferences.  
4.3 For polymer analysis, sample treatment for headspace analysis is simpler than conventional gas chromatography, where additional precipitation steps are required to prevent polymer contamination of the chromatographic column.  
4.4 This headspace practice will be able to determine qualitatively any component with sufficient vapor pressure. It is capable of yielding semiquantitative results and can be used for relative comparisons between samples.
SCOPE
1.1 Headspace gas chromatography (GC) involves the determination of volatile components in a polymer solution by gas chromatography of a vapor phase in thermal equilibrium with the sample matrix. Volatiles in finely ground insoluble polymers can also be determined with and without an extracting solvent.  
1.2 This practice provides two procedures:  
1.2.1 Procedure A—Automatic headspace analysis.  
1.2.2 Procedure B—Manual injection headspace analysis.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method will allow the quantitative determination of the bromine originating from the flame retardant that has bloomed onto the surface after aging under specified conditions. Based on the known structure of the flame retardant used, the amount of the flame retardant that bloomed can also be calculated.  
5.2 Section 14 contains some safety recommendations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantification of the blooming of brominated flame retardants onto the surface of plastic materials by an ion chromatographic method.  
1.2 The test method involves recovery of the deposits on the surface of plastic materials, containing brominated flame retardants, on unaged specimens, on specimens aged at 70°C for 14 days and on specimens aged at 70°C for 35 days. These deposits are quantitatively analyzed to obtain the fraction of brominated flame retardant that has bloomed onto the surface.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the molecular weight distribution and molecular weight averages of polyethylene (except LDPE and UHMWPE) and polypropylene resins. Differences in molecular weight and molecular weight distribution significantly affect physical properties, such as morphology, strength, melt flow etc., and as a result, the final properties of products made from these resins.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of molecular weight distributions and molecular weight averages of polyolefins by high temperature gel permeation chromatography (GPC). This test method uses commercially available polystyrene standards and equipment and is applicable to polyethylenes (excluding high pressure low density polyethylene (LDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)) and polypropylenes soluble in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) at 140°C. This test method is not absolute and requires calibration.
Note 1: Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) often is used as an alternative name for gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
Note 2: Specific methods and capabilities of users may vary with differences in columns, instrumentation, applications software, and practices between laboratories.
Note 3: One general method is outlined herein; alternative analytical practices can be followed and are attached in notes where appropriate.
Note 4: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units, based on IEEE/ASTM S1-10, are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Identification and Quantitation of Phthalates—DBP, BBP, DEHP, DNOP, DINP, and DIDP are representative of the phthalates either banned or being monitored by a variety of regulations. Regulations include: EU—Directive 2005/84/EC, US—Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 – section 108, Japan—Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry guideline No. 336 (2010) and IEC 62321-8:2017. These test methods provide a procedure to identify and quantify phthalates in PVC.  
5.2 Other techniques successfully used to separate and identify phthalates in PVC include GC/MS, HPLC/UV, HPLC/MS, FTIR, and GC/FID (flame ionization detector).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure to identify and quantify phthalates by thermal desorption (TD) gas chromatography (GC) mass spectrometry (MS). Six phthalates are used to demonstrate the use of the procedure: BBP, DBP, DEHP, DNOP, DINP and DIDP.  
1.2 Within the context of this method, “low level” is defined as 1000 ppm.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This test method includes references, notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in the tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this method.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The method can be extended to include other ortho-phthalates in a number of polymeric substrates.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is capable of yielding duplicate test data, in 20 min or less, for a simple carbon black content determination.  
5.2 This test method is suitable for manufacturing quality control, technical service, and research work.  
5.3 For referee requirements, the number of replicate measurements is increased. Alternatively, a control sample of known carbon black content is tested with the unknown sample.  
5.4 Test Method D1603 is available for referee testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of black polyethylene compounds containing channel or furnace black. It is not applicable to thermal black.  
1.2 This test method is not suitable for plastics that char on pyrolysis.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The information provided by this test method is useful for manufacturing quality control, technical service, and research purposes; and is required by various material specifications and for the calculation of optical absorptivity.  
4.2 Test Method D4218 is available for determining the carbon black content of polyethylene compounds if so desired.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the carbon black content in polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutylene plastics. Its use with acrylic or other polar monomer modifications which might affect the accuracy is not recommended. Determinations of carbon black content are made gravimetrically after pyrolysis of the sample under nitrogen. This test method is not applicable to compositions that contain nonvolatile pigments or fillers other than carbon black.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials containing brominated flame retardant additives at the end.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 6964-1986(E) address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General Utility—The molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) are fundamental characteristics of a polymer sample. They are used for a wide variety of correlations for fundamental studies, processing, or product applications. For example, the observed MWD is compared to one predicted from assumed kinetics or mechanisms for a polymerization reaction. Differences between the values will allow alteration of theory or experimental design. Similarly, the strength, melt flow, and other properties of a polymer sample usually are dependent on MW and MWD. Determinations of MW and MWD are used for quality control of polymers.  
5.2 Limitations—Because of the need for specific calibration of the polymer type under study, and because of the specific nature of polymer/solvent/column-packing interactions, this test method is valid only for polystyrene and non-exclusion effects are to be avoided. However, many of the principles of the method have been applied in generating HPSEC methods for other polymer systems, for example, using the principles of universal calibration. (see Practice D3016).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of molecular weight (MW) averages and the distribution of molecular weights for linear, soluble polystyrene by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). This test method is not absolute and requires the use of commercially available narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) polystyrene standards for calibration. This test method is applicable for samples containing molecular weight components that have elution volumes falling within the elution volume range defined by polystyrene standards (that is, molecular weights generally from 2000 to 2 000 000 g·mol−1).  
1.2 The HPSEC is differentiated from traditional size-exclusion chromatography SEC (also referred to as gel permeation chromatography (GPC)) in that the number of theoretical plates per metre with an HPSEC system is at least ten times greater than that for traditional SEC (see Terminology D883 and Practice D3016).2 The HPSEC systems employ low-volume liquid chromatography components and columns packed with relatively small (generally 3 to 20 μm) microporous particles. High-performance liquid chromatography instrumentation and automated data handling systems for data acquisition and processing are required.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For molded phenolic products, acetone extraction shall be considered solely as a quantitative expression of a property normally associated with degree of cure. There is no demonstrably rigorous relation between the optimum mechanical and electrical properties of a well-cured piece and the numerical value of the acetone test. The amount of acetone-soluble matter is affected by: (1) nature of resin and filler, (2) lubricant, (3) molding temperature, (4) length of cure, (5) thickness of the section from which sample is taken, (6) nature of molded piece, (7) technique used in molding, (8) distribution of fines in the material to be extracted, and (9) method of grinding the specimen. These variations under some conditions will cause a difference of 3 to 4 % in acetone-extractable matter. For this reason, the test method shall be used only as a comparative test for measuring undercure.  
4.2 For laminated phenolic products, acetone extraction indicates change in stage of cure, change in resin content, change in type of resin used, presence of plasticizers or other acetone-extractable addition agents, and is affected in general by the same factors as stated in 6.1
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of acetone-soluble matter in molded or laminated phenolic products.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is similar to ISO 308.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There are three types of olefinic groups present in sufficient concentrations to warrant consideration, one or more of which can normally be found in any polyethylene (4). The three types are: trans-vinylene, R - CH = CH - R′, sometimes referred to as transinternal unsaturation; vinylidene or pendent methylene, RR′C = CH2; and vinyl unsaturation, R - CH = CH2, also referred to as terminal unsaturation.  
5.2 The type and quantity of these groups can influence the chemical and physical properties of the resin. Information concerning their presence may also be used to characterize or identify unknown resins or blends of resins.  
5.3 Vinylidene unsaturation represents the major portion of the unsaturation present in most low-density polyethylenes.  
5.4 Infrared spectroscopy can be used for the determination of unsaturation in polyethylene (1, 3, 5). The values determined by infrared agree with those determined by IC1 uptake (5).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to all types of polyethylenes, those ethylene plastics consisting of ethylene and α-olefin copolymers longer than propylene, and blends of the above in any ratio.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The regulatory candidate list classifies substances by CAS number. Complex branched phthalates, such as DINP or DIDP, manufactured with a defined alcohol distribution and registered by CAS number with a chemical description of the composition, shall be considered a single substance with that composition as described.  
5.2 It is possible for the alcohols used in the manufacture of complex branched phthalates to vary in isomer composition. Care must be used to ensure a representative standard is used to the quantitation of the level of a complex branched phthalate.  
5.3 This guide is intended to provide a method on how to interpret and determine data from an analysis involving complex branched phthalates with defined CAS numbers. The test procedure employed shall be used to provide speciation information to assist use of the schematic flow diagram.
Note 3: A discussion on analytical challenges in complex branched phthalate analysis is found in: “Analytical Challenges in Detecting Regulated Phthalates in Flexible PVC Products,” SPI Flexible Vinyl Products Division, 23rd Annual Compounding Conference, July 17, 2012.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is established in response to regulatory requirements for the determination of complex branched phthalates by CAS numbers. This guide is intended to provide information on how to interpret and analyze data from a chromatographic analysis involving complex phthalates with defined CAS numbers.  
1.2 This guide provides a logical approach to determine levels of complex branched phthalates meeting regulatory and CAS number requirements.  
1.3 The specific complex phthalates covered within this guide are DINP and DIDP.  
1.4 Limitations—This guide does not recommend any specific test method. In some cases, it is necessary to deduce the quantity of substance present through the analysis and quantification of its components. Although this approach is routinely used some degree of uncertainty exists in the final result due to the reduced accuracy of the method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vinyl chloride-containing polymers are widely used to package a variety of materials, including foods.  
5.2 Vinyl chloride monomer has been shown to be a human carcinogen. Threshold toxicity value has not been established.  
5.3 Plastic manufacturers, food packagers, government agencies, etc. have a need to know the residual vinyl chloride monomer content of vinyl chloride-containing polymers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is suitable for determining the residual vinyl chloride monomer (RVM) content of homopolymer and copolymers of vinyl chloride down to a concentration of ∼5 µg/kg (ppb).  
1.2 This test method is applicable to any polymer form, such as resin, compound, film, bottle wall, etc. that can be dissolved in a suitable solvent.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 9 and Note 10.  
Note 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 6401.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Poly(vinyl chloride) resins must contain a minimum possible amount of unreacted, or free, VCM.  
5.2 This test method provides a measure of RVCM which is suitable for manufacturing control or specification acceptance purposes.  
5.3 Under optimum conditions, a lower level of detection of 2 ppm by volume VCM can be detected in the headspace vapor. Using a 4-g sample, this is equivalent to about 0.02 ppm by mass RVCM in the PVC resin.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is suitable for determining the residual vinyl chloride monomer (RVCM) content of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) homopolymer and copolymer resins. The range for this test, based on interlaboratory evaluation, is from 0.1 to 400 ppm RVCM.  
1.2 This test method can be adapted to determinations of RVCM in a PVC copolymer resin if the Henry's Law constant at 90°C for that copolymer is known.  
1.3 This test method cannot be used for polymer in fused forms, such as cubes or sheets. Refer to Test Method D4443 for these materials.  
1.4 This test method is proposed as an alternative to EPA Method 107 for determination of vinyl chloride monomers in dry-resin samples.  
1.5 The values stated SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of retained blowing agent in extruded polystyrene foam. The internal standard preparation procedures of the material are presented in details. The procedures for determination of retained blowing agent in extruded polyester foam are presented in details.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of retained blowing agent in extruded polystyrene foam.  
1.2 This test method applies to organic blowing agents which lend themselves to a convenient analysis by gas chromatography. The method is not applicable to blowing agents such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or water.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use as a control, acceptance, and assessment test.  
5.2 Moisture can seriously affect the processability of plastics. It is possible that high moisture content will cause surface imperfections (that is, splay or bubbling) or degradation by hydrolysis. Low moisture (with high temperature) has been known to cause solid phase polymerization.  
5.3 The physical properties of some plastics are greatly affected by the moisture content.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of water down to 20 ppm in plastics using a relative humidity sensor.  
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 Specimens tested in this test method can reach or exceed 250°C, use caution when handling them after testing has completed.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Separation and identification of stabilizers used in the manufacture of polyethylene resins are necessary in order to correlate performance properties with polymer composition. This test method provides a means to determine the polymer additives listed in Table 1 in polyethylene samples. This test method is capable of the determination of other antioxidants, but the stability of these during extraction has not been investigated.  
5.2 The additive extraction procedure is made effective by the relatively low solubility of the polymer sample in solvents generally used for liquid chromatographic analysis. In this method, isopropanol and cyclohexane were chosen because of their excellent extraction efficiencies as well as for safety reasons. Other solvents including ethylacetate, isobutanol, chloroform and methylene chloride can also be used.  
5.3 Methods other than refluxing that have been used to remove additives from the polymer matrix including pressurized liquid, microwave, ultrasonic, and supercritical fluid extractions. For the separation of the extracted additives, SFC and GC have been used successfully for several of the additives.  
5.4 Under optimum conditions, the lowest level of detection for an antioxidant is approximately 2 ppm.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a liquid-chromatographic procedure for the separation of primary and secondary antioxidant and slip additives currently used in polyethylene plastics. These additives are extracted with either isopropanol (resin densities 3) or cyclohexane (resin densities > 0.94 g/cm3) prior to liquid-chromatographic separation. The ultraviolet absorbance of the eluting compound(s) is measured and quantitation is performed using external calibration.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The density of polyethylene is a conveniently measurable property which is frequently useful as a means of following physical changes in a sample, as an indication of uniformity among samples, and as a means of identification.  
4.2 This test method is designed to yield results with a precision of ±0.08 % or better.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of polyethylene through the utilization of ultrasound equipment.  
1.2 This test method is based on the distinct behaviors of the amorphous and crystalline phases of polyethylene in response to ultrasound. Polyethylene shall be viewed as a composite structure where high-density crystalline regions are connected by lower-density amorphous material. The ratio of crystalline to amorphous material determines the final density of the material. The amorphous and crystalline phases exhibit very distinct behaviors with regard to the propagation of sound waves. The propagation characteristics in the composite will depend on the relative amount of the two phases (the degree of crystallinity).  
1.3 Inorganic materials increase density as measured by Test Methods D792 and D1505, but they have little or no effect on ultrasonic density. The ultrasonic measurement is basically a base resin density.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the definitions of terms, symbols, and relationships most often used in liquid exclusion chromatography. Wherever possible, these terms and symbols are consistent with those used in other chromatographic techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the definitions of terms and symbols most often used in liquid exclusion chromatography. Wherever possible, these terms and symbols are consistent with those used in other chromatographic techniques.4 As additional terms and relationships are developed, they will be incorporated.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Elemental analysis serves as a quality control measure for post-reactor studies, for additive levels in formulated resins, and for finished products. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is an accurate and relatively fast method to determine mass fractions of multiple elements in polyethylene and polypropylene materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a general procedure for the determination of elemental content in polyolefins by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry, in mass fraction ranges typical of those contributed by additives, catalysts, and reactor processes. The elements covered by this test method include fluorine, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, titanium, chromium, and zinc in the composition ranges given in Table 1.    
1.1.1 This test method does not apply to polymers specifically formulated to contain flame retardants including brominated compounds and antimony trioxide.  
1.1.2 This test method does not apply to polymers formulated to contain high levels of compounds of vanadium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, barium, lead, and mercury because the performance can be strongly influenced by spectral interferences or interelement effects due to these elements.
Note 1: Specific methods and capabilities of users may vary with differences in interelement effects and sensitivities, instrumentation and applications software, and practices between laboratories. Development and use of test procedures to measure particular elements, mass fraction ranges or matrices is the responsibility of individual users.
Note 2: One general method is outlined herein; alternative analytical practices can be followed, and are attached in notes, where appropriate.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 10.
Note 3: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method determines the number of branches (that is, comonomer content) in copolymers of ethylene with 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene. This information can be correlated with physical properties such as melting point, density, and stiffness, all of which depend on the degree of crystallinity of the polymer. Differences in the comonomer content thus can have a significant effect on the final properties of products made from these resins.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of methyl groups (that is, comonomer content) in polyethylenes by infrared spectrophotometry. The test method is applicable to copolymers of ethylene with 1-butene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene having densities above 900 kg/m3. High-pressure low-density polyethylenes (LDPE) and terpolymers are excluded.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units, based on IEEE/ASTM SI-10, are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A speck will ultimately cause a failure to occur by virtue of its appearance in a film or by the decrease in electrical or mechanical properties in the polymer substrate (see Specification D1248).  
4.2 The analysis of composite layers for barrier purposes by microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) can indicate the adequacy of the barrier tape or indicate why a barrier may be defective (a missing layer or hole in the layer or poor coextrusion practice). Fig. 1 represents a typical multilayer film.
FIG. 1 Position and Function of Materials in a Typical Multilayer Film
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the techniques used for detecting two different polymer entities such as:  
1.1.1 Abnormal specks or spots on a surface or in the film that are objectionable as defects and  
1.1.2 Layers of different polymeric sheets commonly used as barrier films made by coextrusion.  
1.2 This practice utilizes through-transmittance optical and infrared techniques.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Knowledge of migrants from plastic materials may serve many useful purposes, such as testing for compliance with food additive regulations. The procedure described in this test method is recommended as suitable for obtaining such data on many migrant(s)/plastic(s) combinations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of the FDA migration cell in the extraction of components and permits quantitation of individual migrants from plastic materials by suitable extracting liquids, including liquid foods and food-stimulating solvents.  
1.2 This test method provides a two-sided, liquid extraction test for plastic materials that can be formed into film, sheet, or disks.  
1.3 This test method has been applied to a variety of migrant/polymer systems in contact with numerous foods and food simulants.2 Though most of the migrants examined were radiolabeled, the use of the FDA cell has been validated for migration studies of unlabeled sytrene from polystyrene.3  
1.4 This test method has been shown to yield reproducible results under the conditions for migration tests requested by the FDA. However, if the data is to be submitted to the FDA, it is suggested that their guidelines be consulted.  
1.5 Because it employs two-sided extraction, this test method may not be suitable for multi-layered plastics intended for single-sided food contact use.  
1.6 The size of the FDA migration cell as described may preclude its use in determining total nonvolatile extractives in some cases.  
Note 1: For more information, see Practice D1898, the AOAC Methods of Analysis on Flexible Barrier Materials Exposed for Extraction, and the Guidance for Industry: Preparation of Premarket Submissions for Food Contact Substances: Chemistry Recommendations, December 2007.  
1.7 Analytical procedures must be available to quantitate the migrant(s) generated by this test method.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The knowledge of dilute solution viscosity serves as an additional tool in characterizing ethylene polymers. Viscosity data alone is potentially a limited value in predicting the processing behavior of the polymer. However, when used in conjunction with other flow and physical property values, the solution viscosity of ethylene polymers contributes to characterizing the material.  
4.2 Satisfactory correlation between solution viscosity and certain other properties is possible from polymers of a single manufacturing process. The solution viscosity test is not sensitive to some molecular configurational patterns that occur among polymers from different manufacturing processes. Hence, its correlation with other properties of polymers produced by different processes, by even one manufacturer, is limited without structural characterization.  
4.3 The viscosity of polymer solutions has the potential to be drastically affected by the presence of known or unknown additives in the sample. The use of solution viscosity data where ethylene polymers are known or suspected to contain colorants, carbon black, low molecular weight hydrocarbons, fillers, or other additives needs to be considered.  
4.4 The measurement of dilute solution viscosity of ethylene polymers presents problems not ordinarily encountered in viscosimetry. Ethylene polymers are not soluble at room temperature in any known solvent. Some of the higher density materials are insoluble below 100°C. Extreme care must be exercised in transferring the solution to the viscometer for the test if the correct solution concentration is to be maintained. This test has no significance unless the sample is completely soluble.  
4.5 The solution viscosity is a function of the root-mean-square size of the polymer molecules in solution. It is known that the solvent selected and the temperature of the determination have an effect on the root-mean-square size of the particles. Hence, where a viscometer, solvent, or temper...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dilute solution viscosity of ethylene polymers at 135°C. It is applicable to a reasonably wide spectrum of ethylene polymers having densities from 0.910 to 0.970 g/cm2. Directions are given for the determination of relative viscosity (viscosity ratio), inherent viscosity (logarithmic viscosity number), and intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity number).  
1.2 The values as stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3.1 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
Note 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 1628-3.
Note 2: Appendix X1 – Appendix X3 contain material from the previous version of Test Method D1601 and are included for information only.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The inherent viscosity is relatable to the composition and molecular weight of a polyester resin. It must be controlled so that the processability and end properties of the resin remain in a desired range.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for the determination of the inherent viscosity of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) soluble at 0.50 % concentration in a 60/40 phenol/1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane solution by means of a glass capillary viscometer. Highly crystalline forms of PET that are not soluble in this solvent mixture will require a different procedure.  
1.2 The inherent viscosity values obtained by this test method are comparable with those obtained using differential viscometry described in Test Method D5225.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.  
1.4.1 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law
Note 1: This standard and ISO 1628-5 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content. This ISO standard gives an option of solvents for PET. Solvent specified in this ASTM test method is one of the options in the ISO method. ISO also uses Type 1C Ubbelohde viscometer, rather than the 1B, and reports viscosity number, rather than inherent viscosity.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The density of a solid is a conveniently measurable property which is frequently useful as a means of following physical changes in a sample, as an indication of uniformity among samples, and a means of identification.  
4.2 This test method is designed to yield results accurate to better than 0.05 %.
Note 3: Where accuracy of 0.05 % or better is desired, the gradient tube shall be constructed so that vertical distances of 1 mm shall represent density differences no greater than 0.0001 g/cm.3 The sensitivity of the column is then 0.0001 g/cm3·mm. Where less accuracy is needed, the gradient tube shall be constructed to any required sensitivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of solid plastics.  
1.2 This test method is based on observing the level to which a test specimen sinks in a liquid column exhibiting a density gradient, in comparison with standards of known density.  
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 1183-2.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are used to determine particle size distribution and therefore are useful for determining lot-to-lot uniformity.  
4.2 The particle sizes of plastic materials affect the handling characteristics and sometimes will affect the processing characteristics of some polymers.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the particle size of plastic materials in the powdered, granular, or pelleted forms in which they are commonly supplied. As these test methods utilize dry sieving, the lower limit of measurement is considered to be about 38 μm (No. 400 sieve). For smaller particle sizes, sedimentation test methods are recommended.  
1.2 Two test methods are described:  
1.2.1 Test Method A—This test method uses multiple sieves selected to span the particle size of the material. This method is used to determine the mean particle diameter and particle size distribution.  
1.2.2 Test Method B—This test method is an abbreviated version of Test Method A conducted with a few specific sieves. This test method determines “percent passing” or “percent retained” on a given sieve. Test Method B is applicable to materials which do not have a normal particle size distribution such as pellets and cubes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard for dimensions of the wire cloth openings and the diameter of the wires used in the wire cloth.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent for this test method.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In recycling PP and LDPE, it is important to the end product properties as well as to the processing conditions to know what the composition of the mixture is.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method uses an infrared spectrometer for determining the amount of polypropylene (PP) physically mixed in with low density polyethylene – usually for recycling purposes.
Note 1: Quantitative determinations require several standard mixtures in the concentration range of interest and well defined baseline anchoring points. See Practice E168 for guidance.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Moisture will affect the process ability of some plastics. High moisture content causes surface imperfections (that is, splay or bubbling) or degradation by hydrolysis. Low moisture (with high temperature) causes polymerization.  
4.2 The physical properties of some plastics are affected by the moisture content.
SCOPE
1.1 This method uses the reaction of Iodine (I2) with water (Karl Fischer Reaction) to determine the amount of moisture in a polymer sample.2  
1.2 This test method is intended to be used for the determination of moisture in most plastics. Plastics containing volatile components such as residual monomers and plasticizers are capable of releasing components that will interfere with the I2/water reaction.  
1.3 This method is suitable for measuring moisture over the range of 0.005 to 100 %. Sample size shall be adjusted to obtain an accurate moisture measurement.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard.
Note 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 15512 Method B.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods provide useful indexes of performance of plastic materials such as powders and granules with respect to their handling in packaging and fabrication.  
4.2 Apparent density is a measure of the fluffiness of a material.  
4.3 Bulk factor is a measure of volume change that may be expected in fabrication.  
4.4 Pourability characterizes the handling properties of a finely divided plastic material. It is a measure of the readiness with which such materials will flow through hoppers and feed tubes and deliver uniform weights of material.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of apparent density, bulk factor, and where applicable, the pourability of plastic materials such as molding powders. Different procedures are given for application to the various forms of these materials that are commonly encountered, from fine powders and granules to large flakes and cut fibers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Test Method A is equivalent to ISO Method R 60 as described in the appendix. Test Method C is identical with ISO Method R 61.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use as a control, acceptance, and assessment test.  
5.2 Moisture will affect the processability of some materials. For these materials, defects will occur if they are processed with a moisture content outside of the recommended range.  
5.3 The physical properties of some plastics are greatly affected by the moisture content.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of moisture by means of loss in weight technology down to 50 mg/kg (50 ppm) as it applies to most plastics.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 Specimens tested by this method will be hot, use caution when handling them after testing has been completed.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.