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ASTM D4328-08(2013)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines

Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers the mathematical calculation of the supersaturation of three principal sulfate scaling compounds found in industrial operations. Application of this standard practice to the prediction of scale formation in a given system, however, requires experience. The calculations tell the user if a water, or mixture of waters, is in a scaling mode. Whether or not scale will in fact form, how quickly it will form, where it will form, in what quantities, and what composition are subject to factors beyond the scope of this practice. However, based on how supersaturated a given water or mixture of waters is, an objective evaluation of the relative likelihood of scale formation can be made.Note 1—There are several personal computer (PC) type programs that are both available commercially and publicly that will perform these calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation of supersaturation of barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) in brackish water, seawater, and brines in which barium, strontium, and calcium ions either coexist or exist individually in solution in the presence of sulfate ions.  
1.2 This practice is not applicable for calculating calcium sulfate dihydrate supersaturation if the temperatures of saline waters under investigation exceed 95°C. At temperatures above 95°C, hemianhydrate and anhydrite would be major insoluble forms.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2013
ICS
13.060.30 - Sewage water
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.05 - Inorganic Constituents in Water
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4328-08 - Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Replaced By
ASTM D4328-18 - Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
Effective Date
01-May-2018

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ASTM D4328-08(2013) - Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and BrinesASTM D4328-08(2013) - Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
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ASTM D4328-08(2013) - Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4328 − 08 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium
Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in
Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4328; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3370Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
D3561Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and Sodium
1.1 Thispracticecoversthecalculationofsupersaturationof
Ions in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines by Atomic
bariumsulfate,strontiumsulfate,andcalciumsulfatedihydrate
Absorption Spectrophotometry
(gypsum) in brackish water, seawater, and brines in which
D3651TestMethodforBariuminBrackishWater,Seawater,
barium, strontium, and calcium ions either coexist or exist
and Brines
individually in solution in the presence of sulfate ions.
D3986Test Method for Barium in Brines, Seawater, and
1.2 This practice is not applicable for calculating calcium
Brackish Water by Direct-Current Argon Plasma Atomic
sulfate dihydrate supersaturation if the temperatures of saline
Emission Spectroscopy
watersunderinvestigationexceed95°C.Attemperaturesabove
95°C, hemianhydrate and anhydrite would be major insoluble
3. Terminology
forms.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
practice, refer to Terminology D1129.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4. Significance and Use
standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.1 This practice covers the mathematical calculation of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the supersaturation of three principal sulfate scaling compounds
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- found in industrial operations. Application of this standard
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- practice to the prediction of scale formation in a given system,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
however, requires experience. The calculations tell the user if
a water, or mixture of waters, is in a scaling mode.Whether or
2. Referenced Documents
not scale will in fact form, how quickly it will form, where it
willform,inwhatquantities,andwhatcompositionaresubject
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tofactorsbeyondthescopeofthispractice.However,basedon
D511Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium In Water
how supersaturated a given water or mixture of waters is, an
D512Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water
objective evaluation of the relative likelihood of scale forma-
D513Test Methods forTotal and Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
tion can be made.
in Water
D516Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
NOTE 1—There are several personal computer (PC) type programs that
D1129Terminology Relating to Water are both available commercially and publicly that will perform these
calculations.
D3352Test Method for Strontium Ion in Brackish Water,
Seawater, and Brines
5. Procedure
5.1 Collect water samples for compositional analysis in
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and accordance with Practices D3370.
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents in
5.2 Determine the calcium and magnesium concentrations
Water.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2013.PublishedJuly2013.Originallyapproved in accordance with Test Methods D511.
in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4328–08. DOI: 10.1520/
5.3 Determine the barium concentration in accordance with
D4328-08R13.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Test Methods D3651 or D3986.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.4 Determine the strontium concentration in accordance
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. with Test Method D3352.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4328 − 08 (2013)
5.5 Determine sodium and potassium concentrations in where:
2+
accordance with Test Method D3561.
Ba = concentration of barium, molal,
2–
SO = concentration of sulfate, molal,
5.6 Determine sulfate ion concentration in accordance with 4
y = excess (supersaturation) of BaSO , molal, and
Test Method D516.
K = solubility product constant (molal) of BaSO at test
5.7 Determine chloride ion concentration in accordance
conditions.
with Test Methods D512.
The value X may then be determined from the quadratic
5.8 Determinecarbonateandbicarbonateionconcentrations
equation (see Appendix X1):
in accordance with Test Methods D513.
2B6=B 2 4 AC
5.9 Determine the concentrations of all other major inor-
X 5
2A
ganic constituents that may be present in the water under
investigation in accordance with appropriate test methods in Report BaSO supersaturation in molal terms of the weight
of BaSO per volume of water, mg/L.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vols 11.01 and 11.02.
BaSO supersaturation,mg/L
5.10 Determine temperature and pressure of the water
system under investigation.
1000 3D
2 3
5BaSO , ~molal ! 310 3233 3 11000
TDS
S D
6. Calculation of Ionic Strength
6.1 Calculate the ionic strength of the water under investi-
where:
gation as follows:
D = sample density.
µ 5 C Z (1)
( i i
8. Calculation of Strontium Sulfate Supersaturation
(Refer to Appendix X1)
where:
µ = ionic strength,
8.1 Calculate strontium sulfate solubility using the same
C = molal concentration of each ion in solution, and
i steps described for BaSO (Section 7), but substituting the
Z = charge number of ion, i.
i appropriate values for SrSO in Eq 2 (refer to Appendix X3 or
Appendix X4).
7. Calculation of Barium Sulfate Supersaturation (Refer
NOTE 3—If barium sulfate supersaturation exists, the amount of sulfate
to Appendix X1)
available for strontium sulfate will be less by the amount of sulfate
7.1 Calculate barium sulfate solubility in the water under
equivalent to the calculated BaSO supersaturation.
NOTE 4—If carbonate ions are present, strontium carbonate may
investigation, using the equation as follows:
precipitate. The amount of strontium may then be corrected by that
S 5 ~=X 14K 2 X!/2 (2) required for strontium carbonate precipitation prior to the calculation of
SrSO solubility (2). Practically speaking, however, due to the extremely
where:
low solubility of SrCO , this correction may usually be omitted.
S = solubility, moles of solute per kilogram of water
8.2 Calculate the amount of strontium sulfate moles per
corrected for the common ion effect,
kilogram water in the sample based on the lesser of the
K = solubilityproductconstant(molal)attheionicstrength,
strontium or remaining sulfate ion concentration.
temperature and pressure of the water under investiga-
8.3 If the amount of SrSO in the sample (8.2) is less than
tion. For BaSO refer to Appendix X2, and
its calculated solubility (8.1), the water in question is under-
X = molal excess of soluble common ion.
saturatedwithrespecttoSrSO .IftheamountofSrSO present
4 4
7.2 Calculate the amount of barium sulfate, moles per
is greater than its solubility, the water is supersaturated with
kilogram of water, in the sample based on the lesser of the
respect to SrSO . Calculate the amount of supersaturation,
barium or sulfate ion concentration.
moles per kilogram water by difference (Eq 3), or by substi-
tuting appropriate data in Eq 4 (Note 2).
7.3 If the amount of BaSO in the sample (7.2) is less than
its calculated solubility (7.1), the water in question is under- 8.3.1 ReportSrSO supersaturationintermsoftheweightof
SrSO per volume of water as follows:
saturated with respect to BaSO . If the amount of BaSO
4 4
present is greater than its solubility, the water is supersaturated
SrSO supersaturationmg⁄L
withrespecttoBaSO .Calculatetheamountofsupersaturation
1000 3D
as the difference between the two values:
5SrSO , ~molal! 310 3184 3
TDS
S D
supersaturation 5 concentration 2 solubility (3)
NOTE 2—Supersaturation may also be calculated directly from the
equation (1).
9. Calculation of Calcium Sulfate Supersaturation (Refer
@Ba # 2 y @SO 5# 2 y 5 K (4)
~ !~ !
to Appendix X1)
9.1 Calculatecalciumsulfatesolubilityusingthesamesteps
described for BaSO (Section 7), but substituting the appropri-
The boldfaced numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of 4
this standard. ate values for CaSO in Eq 2 (refer to Appendix X5).
D4328 − 08 (2013)
9.2 Calculate the amount of calcium sulfate moles per 9.3.1 Report CaSO supersaturation in terms of the weight
kilogram in the sample based on the le
...

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ASTM
ASTM D4198-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Absorbent Pads Used with Membrane Filters for Bacteriological Analysis and Growth 

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are appropriate for qualifying absorbent pads used with membrane filters for bacteriological enumeration.  
5.1.1 The test methods described are applicable to quality control testing of absorbent pads by the suppliers and users of these pads and to specification testing of absorbent pads intended for use with membrane filters in bacteriological enumeration.  
5.2 Other pure culture organisms and their appropriate culture medium may be substituted for the E. coli and M-FC media for specification testing, as required.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the nutrient-holding capacity and the toxic or nutritive effect on bacterial growth of organisms retained on a membrane filter, when the absorbent pad being tested is used as a nutrient reservoir and medium supply source for the retained bacteria.  
1.2 The tests described are conducted on 47 mm diameter disks, although other size disks may be employed for bacterial culture techniques.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
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ASTM
ASTM D4411-03(2019)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is general and is intended as a planning guide. To satisfactorily sample a specific site, an investigator must sometimes design new sampling equipment or modify existing equipment. Because of the dynamic nature of the transport process, the extent to which characteristics such as mass concentration and particle-size distribution are accurately represented in samples depends upon the method of collection. Sediment discharge is highly variable both in time and space so numerous samples properly collected with correctly designed equipment are necessary to provide data for discharge calculations. General properties of both temporal and spatial variations are discussed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for sampling to determine discharge of sediment transported by moving liquids. Equipment and procedures were originally developed to sample mineral sediments transported by rivers but they are applicable to sampling a variety of sediments transported in open channels or closed conduits. Procedures do not apply to sediments transported by flotation.  
1.2 This guide does not pertain directly to sampling to determine nondischarge-weighted concentrations, which in special instances are of interest. However, much of the descriptive information on sampler requirements and sediment transport phenomena is applicable in sampling for these concentrations, and 9.2.8 and 13.1.3 briefly specify suitable equipment. Additional information on this subject will be added in the future.  
1.3 The cited references are not compiled as standards; however they do contain information that helps ensure standard design of equipment and procedures.  
1.4 Information given in this guide on sampling to determine bedload discharge is solely descriptive because no specific sampling equipment or procedures are presently accepted as representative of the state-of-the-art. As this situation changes, details will be added to this guide.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 12.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    19 pages
    English language
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