ASTM D7110-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
Standard Test Method for Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance of Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Engine Oil Rheology—The low-temperature, low-shear viscometric behavior of an engine oil, whether new, used, or sooted, determines whether the oil will flow to the sump inlet screen, then to the oil pump, then to the sites in the engine requiring lubrication in sufficient quantity to prevent engine damage immediately or ultimately after cold temperature starting. Two forms of flow problems have been identified,3 flow-limited and air-binding behavior. The first form of flow restriction, flow-limited behavior, is associated with the oil's viscosity; the second, air-binding behavior, is associated with gelation.
5.2 Significance of the Test Method—The temperature-scanning technique employed by this test method was designed to determine the susceptibility of the engine oil to flow-limited and air-binding response to slow cooling conditions by providing continuous information on the rheological condition of the oil over the temperature range of use.3,4,5 In this way, both viscometric and gelation response are obtained in one test.
Note 1: This test method is one of three related to pumpability related problems. Measurement of low-temperature viscosity by the two other pumpability test methods, D3829 and D4684, hold the sample in a quiescent state and generate the apparent viscosity of the sample at shear rates ranging up to 15 s-1 and shear stresses up to 525 Pa at a previously selected temperature. Such difference in test parameters (shear rate, shear stress, sample motion, temperature scanning, and so forth) can lead to differences in the measured apparent viscosity among these methods with some test oils, particularly when other rheological factors associated with gelation are present. In addition, the three methods differ considerably in cooling rates.
5.3 Gelation Index and Gelation Index Temperature—This test method has been further developed to yield parameters called the Gelation Index and Gelation Ind...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers how to measure the apparent viscosity of used and soot-containing engine oils at low temperatures.
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s-1 is produced at shear stresses below 200 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured continuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 3 °C per hour over the range of −5 °C to −40 °C.
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation Index) and the temperature at which the Gelation Index occurs.
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7110 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used
1
and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* Charts for Liquid Petroleum or Hydrocarbon Products
D3829Test Method for Predicting the Borderline Pumping
1.1 This test method covers how to measure the apparent
Temperature of Engine Oil
viscosity of used and soot-containing engine oils at low
D4684Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and
temperatures.
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature
-1
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s is produced at
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
shear stresses below 200 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured
Petroleum Products
continuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 3°C per hour
D5133Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate,
over the range of −5°C to −40°C.
Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils
Using a Temperature-Scanning Technique
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are
viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation D6299Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
Index)andthetemperatureatwhichtheGelationIndexoccurs.
Measurement System Performance
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine
D7962Practice for Determination of Minimum Immersion
oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
Depth and Assessment of Temperature Sensor Measure-
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ment Drift
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E644Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
standard.
mometers
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—theviscosityobtainedbyuseof
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
this test method.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—See3.1.7fordefinitionofviscosityand
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
units.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2 digital contact thermometer (DCT), n—an electronic
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
device consisting of a digital display and associated tempera-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ture sensing probe.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—This device consists of a temperature
2. Referenced Documents
sensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrument
2
measures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
computes the temperature from the measured quantity, and
D341Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Equations and
provides a digital output. This digital output goes to a digital
displayand/orrecordingdevicethatmaybeinternalorexternal
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
to the device.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
3.1.2.2 Discussion—The devices are often referred to as a
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
“digitalthermometers,”howeverthetermincludesdevicesthat
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published February 2021. Originally
sense temperature by means other than being in physical
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D7110–20. DOI:
10.1520/D7110-21.
contact with the media.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.2.3 Discussion—PET is an acronym for portable elec-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
tronic thermometers, a subset of digital contact thermometers
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. (DCT).
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7110 − 21
3.1.3 Newtonian oil,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7110 − 20 D7110 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used
1
and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers how to measure the apparent viscosity of used and soot-containing engine oils at low temperatures.
-1
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s is produced at shear stresses below 200 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured continuously
as the sample is cooled at a rate of 3 °C per hour over the range of −5 °C to −40 °C.
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation Index) and
the temperature at which the Gelation Index occurs.
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Equations and Charts for Liquid Petroleum or Hydrocarbon Products
D3829 Test Method for Predicting the Borderline Pumping Temperature of Engine Oil
D4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils Using a
Temperature-Scanning Technique
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-
ment System Performance
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2020Jan. 1, 2021. Published June 2020February 2021. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20152020 as
D7110 – 15.D7110 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/D7110-20. 10.1520/D7110-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7110 − 21
D7962 Practice for Determination of Minimum Immersion Depth and Assessment of Temperature Sensor Measurement Drift
E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Thermometers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—the viscosity obtained by use of this test method.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
See 3.1.7 for definition of viscosity and units.
3.1.2 digital contact thermometer (DCT), n—an electronic device consisting of a digital display and associated temperature
sensing probe.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
This device consists of a temperature sensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrument measures the temperature-
dependent quantity of the sensor, computes the temperature from the measured quantity, and provides a digital output, or display
of the temperature, or both. This device is sometimes referred output. This digital output goes to a digital thermometer.display
and/or recording device that may be internal or external to the device.
3.1.2.2 Discussion—
The d
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