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ASTM D341-17

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products

Standard Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products

ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedure for plotting viscosity-temperature charts that ascertain the kinematic viscosity of a petroleum oil or liquid hydrocarbon at any temperature within a limited range, provided that the kinematic viscosities at two temperatures are known.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers kinematic viscosity-temperature charts (see Figs. 1 and 2), which are a convenient means to ascertain the kinematic viscosity of a petroleum oil or liquid hydrocarbon at any temperature within a limited range, provided that the kinematic viscosities at two temperatures are known.
FIG. 1 Facsimile of Kinematic Viscosity-Temperature Chart I High Range (Temperature in degrees Celsius)  
FIG. 2 Facsimile of Kinematic Viscosity-Temperature Chart II Low Range (Temperature in degrees Celsius)  
1.2 The charts are designed to permit petroleum oil kinematic viscosity-temperature data to plot as a straight line. The charts here presented provide a significant improvement in linearity over the charts previously available under Method D341–43. This increases the reliability of extrapolation to higher temperatures.  
1.3 The values provided in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2017
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D341-09(2015) - Standard Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Replaced By
ASTM D341-20 - Standard Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Equations and Charts for Liquid Petroleum or Hydrocarbon Products
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM D2983-22 - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a Rotational Viscometer
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D2270-10(2016) - Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D7110-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Viscosity-Temperature Relationship of Used and Soot-Containing Engine Oils at Low Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D7416-09(2020) - Standard Practice for Analysis of In-Service Lubricants Using a Particular Five-Part (Dielectric Permittivity, Time-Resolved Dielectric Permittivity with Switching Magnetic Fields, Laser Particle Counter, Microscopic Debris Analysis, and Orbital Viscometer) Integrated Tester
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D7042-21a - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D5133-20a - Standard Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils Using a Temperature-Scanning Technique
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D2170/D2170M-22 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D2493/D2493M-16 - Standard Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Chart for Asphalt Binders
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D8210-22 - Standard Test Method for Automatic Determination of Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants Using a Rotational Viscometer
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D6074-15(2022) - Standard Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D7152-11(2016)e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D2422-97(2018) - Standard Classification of Industrial Fluid Lubricants by Viscosity System
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
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ASTM D7945-21a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D341 − 17
Standard Practice for
Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum
1
Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D341; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
1.1 This practice covers kinematic viscosity-temperature
ity)
charts (see Figs. 1 and 2), which are a convenient means to
D7042Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
ascertain the kinematic viscosity of a petroleum oil or liquid
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
hydrocarbon at any temperature within a limited range, pro-
Kinematic Viscosity)
vided that the kinematic viscosities at two temperatures are
3
known.
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
1.2 The charts are designed to permit petroleum oil kine- Viscosity-Temperature Charts 1–7
matic viscosity-temperature data to plot as a straight line. The
charts here presented provide a significant improvement in
3. Technical Hazard
linearity over the charts previously available under Method
3.1 Warning—Thechartsshouldbeusedonlyinthatrange
D341–43. This increases the reliability of extrapolation to
inwhichthehydrocarbonorpetroleumfluidsarehomogeneous
higher temperatures.
liquids.The suggested range is thus between the cloud point at
1.3 The values provided in SI units are to be regarded as
low temperatures and the initial boiling point at higher tem-
standard.
peratures. The charts provide improved linearity in both low
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are pro-
kinematicviscosityandattemperaturesupto340°C(approxi-
vided for information only.
mately 650°F) or higher. Some high-boiling point materials
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
can show a small deviation from a straight line as low as
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
280°C (approximately 550°F), depending on the individual
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
sample or accuracy of the data. Reliable data can be usefully
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
plotted in the high temperature region even if it does exhibit
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
some curvature. Extrapolations into such regions from lower
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
temperatures will lack accuracy, however. Experimental data
taken below the cloud point or temperature of crystal growth
2. Referenced Documents
will generally not be of reliable repeatability for interpolation
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
or extrapolation on the charts. It should also be emphasized
that fluids other than hydrocarbons will usually not plot as a
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
straight line on these charts.
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2017.PublishedJuly2017.Originallyapproved
in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D341–09 (2015). DOI:
10.1520/D0341-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD0341CS. Original adjunct produced in 1965.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D341 − 17
2
FIG. 1 Facsimile of Kinematic Viscosity-Temperature Chart I High Range (Temperature in degrees Celsius)

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
D341 − 17
3
FIG. 2 Facsimile of Kinematic Viscosity-Temperature Chart II Low Range (Temperature in degrees Celsius)

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
D341 − 17
4. Description provided for convenience in connection with reports and data
evaluation.ChartsIIIandIVarethesameasChartsIandIIand
4.1 The charts are designed to permit kinematic viscosity-
are provided in greatly reduced scale for convenience in
temperature data for a petroleum oil or fraction, and hydrocar-
connection with reports or quick evaluation of data. These
bons in general, to plot as a straight line over a wide range.
latter charts a
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D341 − 09 (Reapproved 2015) D341 − 17
Standard Practice for
Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum
1
Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D341; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice covers kinematic viscosity-temperature charts (see Figs. 1 and 2), which are a convenient means to ascertain
the kinematic viscosity of a petroleum oil or liquid hydrocarbon at any temperature within a limited range, provided that the
kinematic viscosities at two temperatures are known.
1.2 The charts are designed to permit petroleum oil kinematic viscosity-temperature data to plot as a straight line. The charts
here presented provide a significant improvement in linearity over the charts previously available under Method D341–43. This
increases the reliability of extrapolation to higher temperatures.
1.3 The values provided in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information
only.
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
3
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Viscosity-Temperature Charts 1–7
3. Technical Hazard
3.1 Warning—WarningThe—The charts should be used only in that range in which the hydrocarbon or petroleum fluids are
homogeneous liquids. The suggested range is thus between the cloud point at low temperatures and the initial boiling point at
higher temperatures. The charts provide improved linearity in both low kinematic viscosity and at temperatures up to 340 °C
(approximately 650 °F) or higher. Some high-boiling point materials can show a small deviation from a straight line as low as
280 °C (approximately 550 °F), depending on the individual sample or accuracy of the data. Reliable data can be usefully plotted
in the high temperature region even if it does exhibit some curvature. Extrapolations into such regions from lower temperatures
will lack accuracy, however. Experimental data taken below the cloud point or temperature of crystal growth will generally not
be of reliable repeatability for interpolation or extrapolation on the charts. It should also be emphasized that fluids other than
hydrocarbons will usually not plot as a straight line on these charts.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2015July 1, 2017. Published June 2015July 2017. Originally approved in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
D341 – 09.D341 – 09 (2015). DOI: 10.1520/D0341-09R15.10.1520/D0341-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD0341CS. Original adjunct produced in 1965.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D341 − 17
2
FIG. 1 Facsimile of Kinematic Viscosity-Temperature Chart I High Range (Temperature in degrees Celsius)

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
D341 − 17
3
FIG. 2 Facsimile of Kinematic Viscosity-Temperature Chart II Low Range (Temperature in degrees Celsius)

---------------------- Page: 3 ----
...

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Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
Note 1: Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8 °F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another.  
1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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