ASTM E300-03(2022)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
Standard Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Representative samples of industrial chemicals are required for the determination of chemical and physical properties which are used to establish standard volumes, prices, and compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.
5.2 The objective of sampling is to obtain a small portion (spot sample) of material from a selected area within a container which is representative of the material in the area or, in the case of running or all-level samples, a sample whose composition is representative of the total material in the container. A series of spot samples may be combined to create a representative sample.
5.3 Manual and Automatic Sampling Considerations—The selection of manual or automatic sampling devices is part of establishing a sampling plan applied under all conditions within the scope of this practice provided that the proper sampling procedures are followed. Both types of sampling are commonly used for liquid, solid, and slurry sampling and require adherence to the following:
5.3.1 An adequate frequency of sampling must be selected.
5.3.2 The equipment to support manual or automatic sampling systems may be obtained commercially, fabricated from the designs presented in this practice, or constructed as needed to satisfy process design or other specific requirements.
5.3.3 The sampling equipment must be maintained on a regular basis, and the sampling plan adopted must be strictly followed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling several classes of industrial chemicals. It also includes recommendations for determining the number and location of such samples, to ensure their being representative of the lot in accordance with accepted probability sampling principles.
1.2 Although this practice describes specific procedures for sampling various liquids, solids, and slurries, in bulk or in packages, these recommendations only outline the principles to be observed. They should not take precedence over specific sampling instructions contained in other ASTM product or method standards.
1.3 These procedures are covered as follows:
Sections
Statistical Considerations
7 – 11
Simple Liquids
12 – 27
Solids
28 – 35
Slurries
36 – 41
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Sections 6, 19, 20, 30, 34 and 37.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E300 − 03 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Industrial Chemicals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling several
D270Methods of Sampling Petroleum and Petroleum Prod-
classes of industrial chemicals. It also includes recommenda-
ucts (Withdrawn 1984)
tionsfordeterminingthenumberandlocationofsuchsamples,
D2234/D2234MPractice for Collection of a Gross Sample
to ensure their being representative of the lot in accordance
of Coal
with accepted probability sampling principles.
E180Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
1.2 Although this practice describes specific procedures for
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
sampling various liquids, solids, and slurries, in bulk or in
cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)
packages,theserecommendationsonlyoutlinetheprinciplesto
be observed. They should not take precedence over specific
3. Terminology
sampling instructions contained in other ASTM product or
3.1 Definitions:
method standards.
3.1.1 simple liquid—a single-phase liquid having a Reid
1.3 These procedures are covered as follows: vaporpressureoflessthan110kPaat37.8°C(16psiat100°F)
and a Saybolt viscosity of less than 10 000 s (2160 cSt) at
Sections
Statistical Considerations 7–11
25°C.
Simple Liquids 12–27
3.1.2 lot—a discreet quantity of material. It may contain a
Solids 28–35
Slurries 36–41
singlebatchorseveralbatches,orbetheproductofcontinuous
processbrokenintounitsonthebasisoftimeorshipment.Itis
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
very desirable that individual batches in a lot be specifically
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
identifiedsothattheymaybecomeindividualorstratifiedunits
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
for inspection.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 average sample—one that consists of proportionate
Specific precautionary statements are given in Sections 6, 19,
parts from all sections of the container.
20, 30, 34 and 37.
3.1.4 spotsample—asampletakenataspecificlocationina
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
tank or from a flowing stream in a pipe at a specific time.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.5 composite sample—a blend of spot samples mixed in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
proportion to the volumes of material from which the spot
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
samples were obtained.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.6 all-levels sample—one obtained by submerging a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
closed sampler to a point as near as possible to the draw-off
level,thenopeningthesamplerandraisingitataratesuchthat
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D16 on Aromatic,
Industrial, Specialty and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D16.08 on Handling and Sampling Aromatic and Cyclic Hydrocar- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
bons. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2022.PublishedJuly2022.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E300–03 (2017). DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E0300-03R22. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E300 − 03 (2022)
TABLE 1 Sampling Instructions for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks
it is about three fourths full as it emerges from the liquid. An
all-levels sample is not necessarily an average sample because Sampling Level, Percent of Composite Sample
Liquid Depth,
Diameter Above Bottom Proportionate Parts of
Percent of
the tank volume may not be proportional to the depth and
Diameter
Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower
becausetheoperatormaynotbeabletoraisethesampleratthe
100 80 50 20 3 4 3
variable rate required for proportionate filling. The rate of
90 75 50 20 3 4 3
filling is proportional to the square root of the depth of
80 70 50 20 2 5 3
immersion. 70 . 50 20 1 5 4
60 . 50 20 . 5 5
NOTE 1—The tube sampling procedure, 26.3, may be used to obtain an 50 . 40 20 . 4 6
all-levels sample from a drum. 40 . . 20 . . 10
30 . . 15 . . 10
3.1.7 upper sample—a spot sample obtained from the
20 . . 10 . . 10
middle of the upper third of the tank contents (Fig. 1). 10 . . 5 . . 10
NOTE 2—The taking of samples from various levels of the tank permits
the detection of variation in composition of the contents caused by
stratification. If it is known that the contents are not subject to this
variation, the taking of samples at multiple levels may be eliminated.
3.1.13 outletsample—aspotsamplenormallyobtainedwith
3.1.8 middle sample—a spot sample obtained from the
the inlet opening of the sample apparatus at the level of the
middle of the tank contents (Fig. 1)(Note 2).
bottom of the tank outlet (either fixed or a swing line outlet)
3.1.9 lower sample—a spot sample of liquid from the
(Fig. 1).
middle of the lower one-third of the tank’s content (a distance
3.1.14 continuous sample—a spot sample obtained from a
of one-half of the depth of liquid below the liquid’s surface)
pipeline conveying the product in such a manner as to give a
(Fig. 1).
representative average of the stream throughout the period of
3.1.10 single-tank composite sample—a blend of the upper,
transit.
middle,andlowersamples.Foratankofuniformcrosssection,
3.1.15 jar sample—a spot sample obtained by placing a jar
such as an upright cylindrical tank, the blend consists of equal
into the path of a free-flowing stream so as to collect a definite
partsofthethreesamples.Forahorizontalcylindricaltank,the
volume from the full cross section of the stream.
blendconsistsofthethreesamplesintheproportionsshownin
Table 1. 3.1.16 mixed sample—a spot sample obtained after mixing
orvigorouslystirringthecontentsoftheoriginalcontainer,and
3.1.11 compartment-tank composite sample (ship, barge,
then pouring out or drawing off the quantity desired.
etc.)—a blend of individual all-levels samples from each
compartment, which contains the product being sampled, in
3.1.17 tube or thief sample—a spot sample obtained with a
proportion to the volume of material in each compartment. sampling tube or special thief, either as a core sample or spot
sample from the specified point in the container.
3.1.12 top sample—a spot sample normally obtained 150
mm (6 in.) below the top surface of the tank contents (Fig. 1).
3.1.18 drain sample—a spot sample obtained from the
draw-off or discharge valve. Occasionally, a drain sample may
be the same as a bottom sample, as in the case of a tank car.
3.1.19 bottom sample—a spot sample obtained from the
material on the bottom surface of the tank, container, or line at
itslowestpoint(Fig.1).(Drainandbottomsamplesareusually
taken to check for water, sludge, scale, etc.).
3.1.20 laboratory sample—thatportionofthesamplewhich
is sent for laboratory testing.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed for
obtaining samples of several classes of industrial chemicals. It
addresses in detail the various factors which need to be
considered to obtain a representative laboratory sample. This
practicealsocoversthestatisticalconsiderationsinsamplingof
industrial chemicals whether they are liquids, solids or slurries
in bulk or in packages.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Representative samples of industrial chemicals are re-
quired for the determination of chemical and physical proper-
ties which are used to establish standard volumes, prices, and
FIG. 1 Sampling Depths compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.
E300 − 03 (2022)
5.2 The objective of sampling is to obtain a small portion STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
(spot sample) of material from a selected area within a
7. Objectives
container which is representative of the material in the area or,
in the case of running or all-level samples, a sample whose 7.1 The sampling and testing of industrial chemicals may
composition is representative of the total material in the
have one or more of the following objectives:
container.Aseries of spot samples may be combined to create 7.1.1 The objective may be to estimate the average quality
a representative sample.
characteristic of a given lot of material and to establish
confidence limits for this average. This would be the main
5.3 Manual and Automatic Sampling Considerations—The
objective, for example, if a dollar value is to be placed on the
selection of manual or automatic sampling devices is part of
material for customs purposes or for sale.
establishing a sampling plan applied under all conditions
7.1.2 The objective may be to decide whether the average
within the scope of this practice provided that the proper
value for the lot meets a specification. This calls for an
sampling procedures are followed. Both types of sampling are
acceptancesamplingplanwiththecriterionbeingrelatedtothe
commonly used for liquid, solid, and slurry sampling and
estimated mean of the lot.
require adherence to the following:
7.1.3 The objective may be to estimate or make decisions
5.3.1 An adequate frequency of sampling must be selected.
about the variability of a quality characteristic within the lot.
5.3.2 The equipment to support manual or automatic sam-
7.1.4 Theobjectivemaybetoobtainsimultaneousestimates
pling systems may be obtained commercially, fabricated from
ofthemeanandvarianceortomakedecisionsaboutsomejoint
the designs presented in this practice, or constructed as needed
combination of these estimates.
to satisfy process design or other specific requirements.
7.1.5 Ifthematerialcomesincontainersorcanbeviewedas
5.3.3 The sampling equipment must be maintained on a coming in clearly demarked units, the objective may be that of
regular basis, and the sampling plan adopted must be strictly
estimating the number of such units outside of specifications,
followed. that is, the “fraction defective.”
NOTE3—Proceduresaregivenbelowforestimatingaveragequalityand
6. Safety Precautions
for applying acceptance sampling inspection based on the lot mean.
6.1 This practice covers procedures and sampling equip-
8. General Sampling Considerations
ment used to sample industrial chemicals that may be poten-
8.1 To obtain samples that are representative in a statistical
tially hazardous to personnel or the environment.Accordingly,
sense, one must consider such factors as physical form,
it is emphasized that all applicable safety rules, regulations,
uniformity, type and number of containers, etc. All of these
and procedures must be followed in handling and processing
factors influence the choice of method for performing the
the chemicals. Furthermore, this practice does not purport to
sampling operation, as well as the number and location of the
cover all safety aspects associated with sampling. However, it
required samples. Two commonly used practices for selecting
ispresumedthatthepersonnelperformingsamplingoperations
the sequence or location of the individual samples are de-
are adequately trained with regard to safe application of the
scribed.
procedurescontainedhereinforthespecificsamplingsituation.
8.2 RandomSamplingisachievedwheneverypartofthelot
6.2 The characteristics of the material to be sampled will
has an equal chance of being drawn into the sample.
govern the type of protective equipment required. Since
8.2.1 Designate all units in the lot, choosing numbers in
sampling may present such hazards as splashing or spilling,
sequence or other serial code so that sampling by random
protectiveclothingmustbewornwhenthechemicaliscapable
numbers can be employed.
of producing eye or skin irritation or burns. During such
8.2.2 Preferably,thissequenceshouldbeindirectrelationto
potential exposures, chemical-type goggles or face shield and
orderofmanufactureofpackagingasanaidtoobserving,from
protective gloves, or combination thereof, must be worn.
the sample results, any evidence of stratification.
6.3 Respiratory protection, where required, must be in good
8.2.3 Random selection of the numbers should be accom-
condition and must be suitable to protect against chemicals plishedbychanceorpreferablybytheuseofatableofrandom
being handled.
numbers.
8.3 StratifiedSamplingcanbeemployedtoestimateaverage
6.4 When sampling chemicals that may be dangerous to life
quality when it is known or suspected that the value of a
by skin absorption, oral ingestion, or by breathing the vapor,
propertyofthematerialvariesinnon-randomfashionthrough-
unusual precautions will be indicated. In such cases, full-body
out the lot for the following typical reasons: (a) the lot may
protection such as supplied by a gas-tight or one-piece air-
supplied suit should be worn. A second person must be
continuously present to summon help and render aid in the 4
Prepared by an Ad Hoc Committee of ASTM Committee E11 on Statistical
event of an emergency. Methods.
E300 − 03 (2022)
2 2 2
contain several production batches, (b) the lot may contain σ 5 σ /n 3 N 2 n /N 1 σ /n (2)
~ ! @~ ! # ~ !
x¯ b b b t t
units produced by different procedures, equipment, shifts, etc.,
9.1.3 If n =N, Eq 1 and Eq 2 reduce, respectively, to Eq 3
b
or (c) the lot may be non-uniform because of subsequent size
and Eq 4:
segregation, moisture pickup, surface oxidation, etc. If the
2 2 2
σ 5 σ / n 3n 1 σ /n (3)
assumedpatterniscorrect,thevarianceofthepopulationmean
@ ~ !# ~ !
¯x w b w t t
estimatewillbelessthanthatbasedonrandomsampling.Ifthe 2 2
σ 5 σ /n (4)
x¯ t t
assumptions are incorrect, the estimate of the mean may be
9.2 Determination of n,n , and n When Basic Variances
b w t
biased. A stratified sample
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.