ASTM D6873/D6873M-08
(Practice)Standard Practice for Bearing Fatigue Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
Standard Practice for Bearing Fatigue Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides supplemental instructions for using Test Method D 5961/D 5961M to obtain bearing fatigue data for material specifications, research and development, material design allowables, and quality assurance. The primary property that results is the fatigue life of the test specimen under a specific loading and environmental condition. Replicate tests may be used to obtain a distribution of fatigue life for specific material types, laminate stacking sequences, environments, and loading conditions. Guidance in statistical analysis of fatigue data, such as determination of linearized stress life (S-N) curves, can be found in Practice E 739.
This practice can be utilized in the study of fatigue damage in a polymer matrix composite bearing specimen. The loss in strength associated with fatigue damage may be determined by discontinuing cyclic loading to obtain the static strength using Test Method D 5961/D 5961M.
Note 2—This practice may be used as a guide to conduct spectrum loading. This information can be useful in the understanding of fatigue behavior of composite structures under spectrum loading conditions, but is not covered in this standard.
Factors that influence bearing fatigue response and shall therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material fabrication, accuracy of lay-up, laminate stacking sequence and overall thickness, specimen geometry, specimen preparation (especially of the hole), fastener-hole clearance, fastener type, fastener geometry, fastener installation method, fastener torque (if appropriate), countersink depth (if appropriate), specimen conditioning, environment of testing, time at temperature, type of mating material, number of fasteners, type of support fixture, specimen alignment and gripping, test frequency, force (stress) ratio, bearing stress magnitude, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties that result include the following:
Hole elongation versus fatigue life curves ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying static bearing test methods to determine the fatigue behavior of composite materials subjected to cyclic bearing forces. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites in which the laminate is both symmetric and balanced with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.
1.2 This practice supplements Test Method D 5961/D 5961M with provisions for testing specimens under cyclic loading. Several important test specimen parameters (for example, fastener selection, fastener installation method, and fatigue force/stress ratio) are not mandated by this practice; however, repeatable results require that these parameters be specified and reported.
1.3 This practice is limited to test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial loading, where the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude force (stress) cycles. Either engineering stress or applied force may be used as a constant amplitude fatigue variable. The repetitive loadings may be tensile, compressive, or reversed, depending upon the test specimen and procedure utilized.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6873/D6873M − 08
StandardPractice for
Bearing Fatigue Response of Polymer Matrix Composite
1
Laminates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6873/D6873M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying static
bearing test methods to determine the fatigue behavior of
2. Referenced Documents
composite materials subjected to cyclic bearing forces. The
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber rein-
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
forced polymer matrix composites in which the laminate is
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
both symmetric and balanced with respect to the test direction.
D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
described in 8.2.
Composite Materials
1.2 ThispracticesupplementsTestMethodD5961/D5961M
D5961/D5961MTestMethodforBearingResponseofPoly-
with provisions for testing specimens under cyclic loading.
mer Matrix Composite Laminates
Several important test specimen parameters (for example,
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
fastener selection, fastener installation method, and fatigue
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of MechanicalTesting
force/stress ratio) are not mandated by this practice; however,
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
repeatableresultsrequirethattheseparametersbespecifiedand
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
reported.
Lot or Process
1.3 This practice is limited to test specimens subjected to
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
constant amplitude uniaxial loading, where the machine is
ASTM Test Methods
controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
constant amplitude force (stress) cycles. Either engineering
E467Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
stress or applied force may be used as a constant amplitude
namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
fatigue variable. The repetitive loadings may be tensile,
E739PracticeforStatisticalAnalysisofLinearorLinearized
compressive, or reversed, depending upon the test specimen
Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data
and procedure utilized.
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
E1434Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
E1823TerminologyRelatingtoFatigueandFractureTesting
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
3. Terminology
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
standard.
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D883definestermsrelatingtoplastics.TerminologyE6defines
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E1823
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
defines terms relating to fatigue. Terminology E456 and
Practice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event of
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D30 on Composite
MaterialsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD30.05onStructuralTest
2
Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6873-03. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6873_D6873M-08. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D6873/D6873M − 08
a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have
d = fastener or pin diameter
precedence over the other standards.
D = specimen hole diameter
h = specimen
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6873–03 Designation: D 6873/D6873M – 08
Standard Practice for
Bearing Fatigue Response of Polymer Matrix Composite
1
Laminates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6873/D6873M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thispracticeprovidesinstructionsformodifyingstaticbearingtestmethodstodeterminethefatiguebehaviorofcomposite
materials subjected to cyclic bearing forces. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer
matrixcompositesinwhichthelaminateisbothsymmetricandbalancedwithrespecttothetestdirection.Therangeofacceptable
test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.
1.2 This practice supplements Test Method D5961/D5961M with provisions for testing specimens under cyclic loading.
Several important test specimen parameters (for example, fastener selection, fastener installation method, and fatigue force/stress
ratio) are not mandated by this practice; however, repeatable results require that these parameters be specified and reported.
1.3 This practice is limited to test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial loading, where the machine is controlled
sothatthetestspecimenissubjectedtorepetitiveconstantamplitudeforce(stress)cycles.Eitherengineeringstressorappliedforce
may be used as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.The repetitive loadings may be tensile, compressive, or reversed, depending
upon the test specimen and procedure utilized.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D5229/D5229M TestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionPropertiesandEquilibriumConditioningofPolymerMatrixComposite
Materials
D5961/D5961M Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, with a With Specified Tolerable Error, Precision, the Average for a
Characteristic of a Lot or Process
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dynamic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
4
E739Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (e-N) Fatigue Data Practice
for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life ( S-N) and Strain-Life (-N) Fatigue Data
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.05 on Structural Test
Methods.
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published April 2003.
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6873-03.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 08.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 6873/D6873M – 08
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms
...
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