ASTM D4456-99(2009)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Physical and Chemical Properties of Powdered Ion Exchange Resins
Standard Test Methods for Physical and Chemical Properties of Powdered Ion Exchange Resins
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The particle size distribution of powdered ion exchange resins and, more importantly, the derived parameters of mean particle size and percent above and below specified size limits are useful for determining batch to batch variations and, in some cases, can be related to certain aspects of product performance.
Although automatic multichannel particle size analyzers, of the type described in Section 9, yield information on the entire distribution of sizes present in a given sample, it has been found that, for this application, the numerical value of three derived parameters may adequately describe the particle size characteristics of the samples: the mean particle diameter (in micrometres), the percent of the sample that falls below some size limit, and the percent of the sample that falls above some size limit.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the physical and chemical properties of powdered ion exchange resins and are intended for use in testing new materials. The following test methods are included:
Sections Test Method A—Particle Size Distribution 5 to 15 Test Method B—Solids Content16 to 23
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 This test method covers the instrumental determination of the particle-size distribution of powdered ion exchange resins.
16.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent solids in new powdered ion exchange resins. Both anion resin and cation resin may be tested by this test method. Resins are tested in the ionic form in which they are received.
16.2 It is important to note that ion exchange resins, particularly anion exchange resins in the hydroxide form, are subject to thermal degradation under the conditions of this test. Therefore, volatile degradation products are released along with moisture, resulting in a negative error. However, the value of this test method is that it is simple and reproducible, and it is applicable to as-received samples.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D4456 − 99 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Methods for
Physical and Chemical Properties of Powdered Ion
Exchange Resins
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Updated 4.2 editorially in June 2009.
1. Scope by the Median Method (Withdrawn 1987)
F658 Practice for Calibration of a Liquid-Borne Particle
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
Counter Using an Optical System Based Upon Light
physical and chemical properties of powdered ion exchange
Extinction (Withdrawn 2007)
resins and are intended for use in testing new materials. The
following test methods are included:
3. Terminology
Sections
Test Method A—Particle Size Distribution 5 to 15
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
Test Method B—Solids Content 16 to 23
practice, refer to Terminology D1129
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard.
3.2.1 Certain terms that relate specifically to these test
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the methods are described as follows:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 powdered ion exchange resin—an ion exchange resin
responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and
that has undergone post-manufacturing size reduction to less
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
than 30 µm.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.3 resin floc—that voluminous aggregate formed when
powdered anion exchange resin and powdered cation exchange
2. Referenced Documents
2 resin are slurried together in an aqueous suspension.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
4. Purity of Reagents
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2687 PracticesforSamplingParticulateIon-ExchangeMa-
4.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests.
terials
Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall
D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical
Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such
F322 Test Method for Determining the Quality of Calibra-
specifications are available. Other grades may be used, pro-
tion Particles forAutomatic Particle Counters (Withdrawn
vided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
1990)
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
F651 Method for Particle Counter Single-Point Calibration
the determination.
4.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on
to water shall be understood to mean Type III reagent water,
Water and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and
Specification D1193.
Ion Exchange Materials.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D4456 – 99 (2005).
DOI: 10.1520/D4456-99R09E01.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on listed by the American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for Laboratory
the ASTM website. Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
www.astm.org. MD.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4456 − 99 (Reapproved 2009)
TEST METHOD A—PARTICLE SIZE 9.1.3 Light-Scattering Instruments, that view a flowing
DISTRIBUTION streamofparticleswithalaserbeamandproduceaFraunhoffer
diffraction pattern from which a thirteen-segment histogram of
5. Scope
volume size distribution is obtained.
5.1 This test method covers the instrumental determination
9.2 Sample Handling System, compatible with the particle-
of the particle-size distribution of powdered ion exchange
sizing instrument being used.
resins.
9.3 Auxiliary Equipment, as specified by the manufacturer
6. Summary of Test Method of the instrument being used.
6.1 A sample of powdered ion exchange resin is dispersed
10. Material
uniformly in a suitable aqueous liquid. The resulting suspen-
10.1 Nonionic Wetting Agent, to assist in the dispersion of
sionispassedthroughaninstrumentformeasuringparticlesize
the particles in the liquid. The volume to be added will be
distribution by weight, number, or volume. Determinations are
small, but its cleanliness should be such that the total count in
made of mean particle size, percent below a specified smaller
thesuspendingliquid(withwettingagent)doesnotexceed1 %
size limit, and percent above a specified larger size limit.
of the total count during analysis of the resin sample.
6.2 The analyst should be aware that adequate collaborative
data for precision and bias statements as required by Practice 11. Calibration and Standardization
D2777 are not provided. See Section 15 for details.
11.1 Calibrate the instrument over the size range to be
measured following either the manufacturer’s instructions or
7. Significance and Use
Method F651, Practice F658, or Method F322.
7.1 The particle size distribution of powdered ion exchange
resins and, more importantly, the derived parameters of mean
12. Procedure
particle size and percent above and below specified size limits
12.1 Into a clean sample container, add measured quantities
are useful for determining batch to batch variations and, in
of clean liquid, clean wetting agent, and a sample of powdered
some cases, can be related to certain aspects of product
ion exchange resin. The size of the sample container and the
performance.
quantitiesofeachmaterialtobeaddedwillbedeterminedfrom
7.2 Although automatic multichannel particle size
the operating instructions for the instrument being used for the
analyzers, of the type described in Section 9, yield information
size range to be measured.
on the entire distribution of sizes present in a given sample, it
12.2 Agitate the resulting suspension to break up aglomer-
hasbeenfoundthat,forthisapplication,thenumericalvalueof
ates and create a uniform dispersion of particles using the
three derived parameters may adequately describe the particle
equipment specified in the operating instructions for the
size characteristics of the samples: the mean particle diameter
instrument.
(in micrometres), the percent of the sample that falls below
12.3 If necessary, dilute this suspension to provide a con-
some size limit, and the percent of the sample that falls above
centration of particles not exceeding the maximum specified
some size limit.
for
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