ASTM D6745-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Electrode Carbons
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Electrode Carbons
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are used for design and quality control purposes and to determine dimensional changes of parts and components (such as carbon anodes, cathodes, and so forth) when subjected to varying temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) for carbon anodes and cathodes used in the aluminum industry, in baked form, by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer.
1.2 The applicable temperature range for this test method for research purposes is ambient to 1000°C. The recommended maximum use temperature for product evaluation is 500°C.
1.3 This test method and procedure is based on Test Method E228, which is a generic all-encompassing method. Specifics dictated by the nature of electrode carbons and the purposes for which they are used are addressed by this procedure.
1.4 Electrode carbons in the baked form will only exhibit primarily reversible dimensional changes when heated.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6745 − 11
StandardTest Method for
1
Linear Thermal Expansion of Electrode Carbons
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6745; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* malexpansionissymbolicallyrepresentedby∆L/L ,where∆L
0
is the length change of the specimen (L −L ), L and L are
1 0 0 1
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coef-
the specimens lengths at reference temperature T and test
0
ficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) for carbon anodes
temperature T ,respectively.Linearthermalexpansionisoften
1
andcathodesusedinthealuminumindustry,inbakedform,by
expressed as a percentage or in parts per million (such as
use of a vitreous silica dilatometer.
µm/m).
1.2 The applicable temperature range for this test method
3.1.1.1 mean coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion (CTE),
forresearchpurposesisambientto1000°C.Therecommended
n—The linear thermal expansion per change in temperature;
maximum use temperature for product evaluation is 500°C.
the mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion is represented
1.3 ThistestmethodandprocedureisbasedonTestMethod
by:
E228, which is a generic all-encompassing method. Specifics
∆L/L 1 ∆L 1 L 2 L
0 1 0
dictatedbythenatureofelectrodecarbonsandthepurposesfor
α¯ 5 5 · 5 (1)
T
1
∆T L ∆T L T 2 T
0 0 1 0
which they are used are addressed by this procedure.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This has to be accompanied by the
1.4 Electrode carbons in the baked form will only exhibit
values of the two temperatures to be meaningful; the reference
primarily reversible dimensional changes when heated.
temperature (T ) is 20°C, and the notation may then only
0
contain a single number, such as α¯ , meaning the mean
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 200
coefficient of linear thermal expansion between 20 and 200°C.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.1 reference specimen, n—a particularly identified or
pedigreed material sample, with well-characterized behavior
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- and independently documented performance.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.2 specimen, n—a representative piece of a larger body
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(anode, cathode, and so forth) that is considered to be fairly
typical of a portion or of the entire piece.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.3 vitreous silica dilatometer, n—a device used to deter-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mine linear thermal expansion, by measuring the difference in
E228Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
linear thermal expansion between a test specimen and the
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
vitreous silica parts of the dilatometer.
3. Terminology
4. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Definitions:
4.1 Arepresentativespecimenisplacedintoavitreoussilica
3.1.1 linear thermal expansion, n—the change in length per
dilatometer and heated, while its linear expansion is continu-
unit length resulting from a temperature change. Linear ther-
ously recorded.The change of the specimen length is recorded
as a function of temperature. The coefficient of linear thermal
expansion is then calculated from these recorded data.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
5. Significance and Use
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2011.PublishedJuly2011.Originallyapproved
5.1 Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are used for
in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6745–06(2011). DOI:
10.1520/D6745-11.
design and quality control purposes and to determine dimen-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
sional changes of parts and components (such as carbon
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
anodes, cathodes, and so forth) when subjected to varying
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. temperatures.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6745 − 11
6. Apparatus 6.2.3 Computerized recordi
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6745–06 (Reapproved 2011) Designation: D6745 – 11
Standard Test Method for
1
Linear Thermal Expansion of Electrode Carbons
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6745; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) for carbon anodes and
cathodes used in the aluminum industry, in baked form, by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer.
1.2 The applicable temperature range for this test method for research purposes is ambient to 1000°C. The recommended
maximum use temperature for product evaluation is 500°C.
1.3 This test method and procedure is based on Test Method E228, which is a generic all-encompassing method. Specifics
dictated by the nature of electrode carbons and the purposes for which they are used are addressed by this procedure.
1.4 Electrode carbons in the baked form will only exhibit primarily reversible dimensional changes when heated.
1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 linear thermal expansionlinear thermal expansion, n—the change in length per unit length resulting from a temperature
change. Linear thermal expansion is symbolically represented by DL/L , where DL is the length change of the specimen (L −L ),
0 1 0
L and L are the specimens lengths at reference temperature T and test temperature T , respectively. Linear thermal expansion
0 1 0 1
is often expressed as a percentage or in parts per million (such as µm/m).
3.1.23.1.1.1 mean coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion (CTE), n—The linear thermal expansion per change in temperature;
the mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion is represented by:
(1) aT15DL/L0DT 51L0· DL DT 51L0 L1 2 L0T1 2 T0
3.1.1.2 Discussion—This has to be accompanied by the values of the two temperatures to be meaningful; the reference
temperature (T ) is 20°C, and the notation may then only contain a single number, such as a¯ , meaning the mean coefficient of
0 200
linear thermal expansion between 20 and 200°C.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 reference specimen, n—a particularly identified or pedigreed material sample, with well-characterized behavior and
independently documented performance.
3.2.2 specimen, n—a representative piece of a larger body (anode, cathode, and so forth) that is considered to be fairly typical
of a portion or of the entire piece.
3.2.3 vitreous silica dilatometer, n—a device used to determine linear thermal expansion, by measuring the difference in linear
thermal expansion between a test specimen and the vitreous silica parts of the dilatometer.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.05 on
Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved MayJune 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as D6745–06(2011). DOI:
10.1520/D6745-06R11. 10.1520/D6745-11.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6745 – 11
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Arepresentative specimen is placed into a vitreous silica dilatometer and heated, while its linear expansion is continuously
recorded.The chang
...
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