ASTM C1496-11
(Guide)Standard Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Facades
Standard Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Facades
ABSTRACT
This guide outlines the standard procedures for the visual assessment and maintenance of exterior dimension stone masonry walls and facades to determine their general condition. The examination procedures established here can help identify and diagnose problems that require repairs or corrective action, but is not intended to be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or structural repairs. This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone claddings with joints usually filled with mortar or sealant that are designed to accommodate structural and thermal movements. This guide specifically excludes the following: dimension stone used in interior building surfaces, flooring, or paving; slate dimension stone used as roofing; thin stone exterior cladding; stone cladding attached to metal flames; the removal of small area stains. Also, this guide may apply, but is not specifically directed, to the following: walls and facades containing semi-dimensions, or partially sized, stone in the form of split-face or rubble; and stone-facade concrete panels. The common problems to consider include rising damps; mortar distresses; surface losses; cracks; displacements, bowings, or bulges; and spalls and fragments. The corresponding repairs to be made that shall address these problems are detailed for each.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide attempts to provide information to assist building owners and managers with limited knowledge of stone construction to recognize basic problems with performance of facades, and to keep them in good condition through periodic inspections and maintenance. Increased awareness of the behavior of stone masonry facades and associated materials can reduce maintenance and replacement costs by addressing problems and deterioration early.
The objective of all maintenance should be to limit deterioration through early intervention.
When it appears damage to stone support elements has occurred, professionals should be consulted to evaluate the support conditions, as well as recommend methods to restore the building's integrity and preserve public safety.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines how to visually assess exterior stone masonry walls and facades to determine their general condition. Examining key features of the construction can help identify and diagnose problems which require repairs or corrective action. Such an examination can expose conditions which may be addressed with maintenance and minor repairs, or may require expert assistance. This guide is not intended to be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or structural repairs.
1.1.1 This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone used as a cladding. Stone cladding is typically connected to a backup material with a variety of anchoring methods, including traditional hand-set masonry anchors such as straps, dowels, cramps, hook-and-eyes, dove-tails, wire ties, and the like. Joints between stones in these types of buildings are usually filled with mortar or sealant. Sealant-filled joints are usually designed to accommodate structural and thermal movements.
1.2 This guide specifically excludes dimension stone used in interior building surfaces, flooring or paving, slate dimension stone used as roofing. Though they share some similar assessment and maintenance concerns, thin stone (less than 2 in. nominal thickness) exterior cladding, and stone cladding attached to metal flames are also excluded due to their unique design characteristics and performance requirements. Although procedures and cautions listed herein may apply to walls and facades containing semi-dimension, or partially sized, stone in the form of split-face, or rubble and to stone-facade concrete panels, the guide is not specifically directed to such stone use. It does not address removal of small-area stains.
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does no...
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1496 − 11
Standard Guide for
Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone
1
Masonry Walls and Facades
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1496; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
1.1 This guide outlines how to visually assess exterior stone
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
masonry walls and facades to determine their general condi-
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
tion. Examining key features of the construction can help
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
identify and diagnose problems which require repairs or
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
corrective action. Such an examination can expose conditions
document means only that the document has been approved
which may be addressed with maintenance and minor repairs,
through the ASTM consensus process.
or may require expert assistance. This guide is not intended to
be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
structural repairs. as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
1.1.1 This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
stone used as a cladding. Stone cladding is typically connected and are not considered standard.
to a backup material with a variety of anchoring methods,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
including traditional hand-set masonry anchors such as straps,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
dowels, cramps, hook-and-eyes, dove-tails, wire ties, and the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
like. Joints between stones in these types of buildings are
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
usually filled with mortar or sealant. Sealant-filled joints are
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
usuallydesignedtoaccommodatestructuralandthermalmove-
ments.
2. Referenced Documents
2
1.2 Thisguidespecificallyexcludesdimensionstoneusedin
2.1 ASTM Standards:
interior building surfaces, flooring or paving, slate dimension
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
stone used as roofing. Though they share some similar assess-
C1515 Guide for Cleaning of Exterior Dimension Stone,
ment and maintenance concerns, thin stone (less than 2 in.
Vertical And Horizontal Surfaces, New or Existing
nominal thickness) exterior cladding, and stone cladding at-
E1971 Guide for Stewardship for the Cleaning of Commer-
tached to metal flames are also excluded due to their unique
cial and Institutional Buildings
design characteristics and performance requirements.Although
procedures and cautions listed herein may apply to walls and
3. Terminology
facades containing semi-dimension, or partially sized, stone in
3.1 Terms used in this guide are defined in Terminology
the form of split-face, or rubble and to stone-facade concrete
C119.
panels, the guide is not specifically directed to such stone use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
It does not address removal of small-area stains.
3.2.1 crack monitor—any of the several two-part devices
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information
that can be attached to stone masonry in such a way that they
oraseriesofoptionsanddoesnotrecommendaspecificcourse
can span cracks in order to periodically measure changes in
of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-
crack width thereby indicating movement.
ence and should be used in conjunction with professional
3.2.2 dutchman—repair used to patch stone masonry with a
section of new stone. The damaged area within a particular
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension
Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.07 on Environmental
2
Properties, Behavior, and Cleaning. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published November 20011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1496–09. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1496-11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1496–09 Designation:C1496–11
Standard Guide for
Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone
1
Masonry Walls and Facades
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1496; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide outlines how to visually assess exterior stone masonry walls and facades to determine their general condition.
Examining key features of the construction can help identify and diagnose problems which require repairs or corrective action.
Such an examination can expose conditions which may be addressed with maintenance and minor repairs, or may require expert
assistance. This guide is not intended to be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or structural repairs.
1.1.1 This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone used as a cladding. Stone cladding is typically connected
to a backup material with a variety of anchoring methods, including traditional hand-set masonry anchors such as straps, dowels,
cramps, hook-and-eyes, dove-tails, wire ties, and the like. Joints between stones in these types of buildings are usually filled with
mortar or sealant. Sealant-filled joints are usually designed to accommodate structural and thermal movements.
1.2 Thisguidespecificallyexcludesdimensionstoneusedininteriorbuildingsurfaces,flooringorpaving,slatedimensionstone
used as roofing. Though they share some similar assessment and maintenance concerns, thin stone (less than 2 inchesin. nominal
thickness) exterior cladding, and stone cladding attached to metal flames are also excluded due to their unique design
characteristics and performance requirements. Although procedures and cautions listed herein may apply to walls and facades
containing semi-dimension, or partially sized, stone in the form of split-face, or rubble and to stone-facade concrete panels, the
guide is not specifically directed to such stone use. It does not address removal of small-area stains.
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace
the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied
without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the
document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.4The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
C1515 Guide for Cleaning of Exterior Dimension Stone,VerticalAnd Horizontal Surfaces, New or Existing Guide for Cleaning
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.07 on Environmental Properties,
Behavior, and Cleaning.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2009. Published October 2009. Originally approved approved in 2001. Last previous editio
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.