ASTM C1496-18
(Guide)Standard Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Facades
Standard Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Facades
ABSTRACT
This guide outlines the standard procedures for the visual assessment and maintenance of exterior dimension stone masonry walls and facades to determine their general condition. The examination procedures established here can help identify and diagnose problems that require repairs or corrective action, but is not intended to be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or structural repairs. This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone claddings with joints usually filled with mortar or sealant that are designed to accommodate structural and thermal movements. This guide specifically excludes the following: dimension stone used in interior building surfaces, flooring, or paving; slate dimension stone used as roofing; thin stone exterior cladding; stone cladding attached to metal flames; the removal of small area stains. Also, this guide may apply, but is not specifically directed, to the following: walls and facades containing semi-dimensions, or partially sized, stone in the form of split-face or rubble; and stone-facade concrete panels. The common problems to consider include rising damps; mortar distresses; surface losses; cracks; displacements, bowings, or bulges; and spalls and fragments. The corresponding repairs to be made that shall address these problems are detailed for each.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide attempts to provide information to assist building owners and managers with limited knowledge of stone construction to recognize basic problems with performance of facades, and to keep them in good condition through periodic inspections and maintenance. Increased awareness of the behavior of stone masonry facades and associated materials can reduce maintenance and replacement costs by addressing problems and deterioration early.
4.2 The objective of all maintenance should be to limit deterioration through early intervention.
4.3 When it appears damage to stone support elements has occurred, a qualified stone consultant should be employed to evaluate the support conditions, as well as recommend methods to restore the building's integrity and preserve public safety.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines how to visually assess exterior stone masonry walls and facades to determine their general condition. Examining key features of the construction can help identify and diagnose problems which require repairs or corrective action. Such an examination can expose conditions which may be addressed with maintenance and minor repairs, or may require expert assistance. This guide is not intended to be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or structural repairs.
1.1.1 This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone used as a cladding. Stone cladding is typically connected to a backup material with a variety of anchoring methods, including traditional hand-set masonry anchors such as straps, dowels, cramps, hook-and-eyes, dove-tails, wire ties, and the like. Joints between stones in these types of buildings are usually filled with mortar or sealant. Sealant-filled joints are usually designed to accommodate structural and thermal movements.
1.2 This guide specifically excludes dimension stone used in interior building surfaces, flooring or paving, slate dimension stone used as roofing. Though they share some similar assessment and maintenance concerns, thin stone (less than 2 in. nominal thickness) exterior cladding, and stone cladding attached to metal flames are also excluded due to their unique design characteristics and performance requirements. Although procedures and cautions listed herein may apply to walls and facades containing semi-dimension, or partially sized, stone in the form of split-face, or rubble and to stone-facade concrete panels, the guide is not specifically directed to such stone use. It does not address removal of small-area stains.
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1496 − 18
Standard Guide for
Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone
1
Masonry Walls and Facades
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1496; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope stone restoration design consultants. Not all aspects of this
guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM
1.1 This guide outlines how to visually assess exterior stone
standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of
masonry walls and facades to determine their general condi-
care by which the adequacy of a given stone consultants
tion. Examining key features of the construction can help
service must be judged, nor should this document be applied
identify and diagnose problems which require repairs or
without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The
corrective action. Such an examination can expose conditions
word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that
which may be addressed with maintenance and minor repairs,
the document has been approved through theASTM consensus
or may require expert assistance. This guide is not intended to
process.
be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or
structural repairs. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
1.1.1 This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
stone used as a cladding. Stone cladding is typically connected conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
to a backup material with a variety of anchoring methods, and are not considered standard.
including traditional hand-set masonry anchors such as straps,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
dowels, cramps, hook-and-eyes, dove-tails, wire ties, and the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
like. Joints between stones in these types of buildings are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
usually filled with mortar or sealant. Sealant-filled joints are
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
usuallydesignedtoaccommodatestructuralandthermalmove-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ments.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2 Thisguidespecificallyexcludesdimensionstoneusedin
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
interior building surfaces, flooring or paving, slate dimension
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
stone used as roofing. Though they share some similar assess-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ment and maintenance concerns, thin stone (less than 2 in.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
nominal thickness) exterior cladding, and stone cladding at-
tached to metal flames are also excluded due to their unique
2. Referenced Documents
design characteristics and performance requirements.Although
2
procedures and cautions listed herein may apply to walls and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
facades containing semi-dimension, or partially sized, stone in C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
the form of split-face, or rubble and to stone-facade concrete C1515 Guide for Cleaning of Exterior Dimension Stone,
panels, the guide is not specifically directed to such stone use. Vertical And Horizontal Surfaces, New or Existing
It does not address removal of small-area stains. E1971 Guide for Stewardship for the Cleaning of Commer-
cial and Institutional Buildings
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information
oraseriesofoptionsanddoesnotrecommendaspecificcourse
3. Terminology
of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-
3.1 Terms used in this guide are defined in Terminology
ence and should be used in conjunction with the judgment of
C119.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension
Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.07 on Environmental
2
Properties, Behavior, and Cleaning. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 20018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C149
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1496 − 11 C1496 − 18
Standard Guide for
Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone
1
Masonry Walls and Facades
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1496; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide outlines how to visually assess exterior stone masonry walls and facades to determine their general condition.
Examining key features of the construction can help identify and diagnose problems which require repairs or corrective action.
Such an examination can expose conditions which may be addressed with maintenance and minor repairs, or may require expert
assistance. This guide is not intended to be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or structural repairs.
1.1.1 This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone used as a cladding. Stone cladding is typically connected
to a backup material with a variety of anchoring methods, including traditional hand-set masonry anchors such as straps, dowels,
cramps, hook-and-eyes, dove-tails, wire ties, and the like. Joints between stones in these types of buildings are usually filled with
mortar or sealant. Sealant-filled joints are usually designed to accommodate structural and thermal movements.
1.2 This guide specifically excludes dimension stone used in interior building surfaces, flooring or paving, slate dimension stone
used as roofing. Though they share some similar assessment and maintenance concerns, thin stone (less than 2 in. nominal
thickness) exterior cladding, and stone cladding attached to metal flames are also excluded due to their unique design
characteristics and performance requirements. Although procedures and cautions listed herein may apply to walls and facades
containing semi-dimension, or partially sized, stone in the form of split-face, or rubble and to stone-facade concrete panels, the
guide is not specifically directed to such stone use. It does not address removal of small-area stains.
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
the judgment of stone restoration design consultants. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This
ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional stone
consultants service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects.
The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus
process.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.07 on Environmental Properties,
Behavior, and Cleaning.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 20011November 20018. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in
20092011 as C1496–09.C1496–11. DOI: 10.1520/C1496-11.10.1520/C1496-18.
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