ASTM D6448-14e1
(Specification)Standard Specification for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
Standard Specification for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
ABSTRACT
This specification covers four grades of fuel oil made in whole or in part with hydrocarbon-based used or reprocessed lubricating oil or functional fluids, such as preservative and hydraulic fluids. Grades RFO4, RFO5L, RFO5H, and RFO6 are of increasing viscosity and are intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning industrial equipment under various climatic and operating conditions, and are not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, combustion engines, or marine applications. Detailed requirements for each grade of lubricating oil shall be tested accordingly, and are as follows: viscosity; flash point; water and sediment content; pour point; density; ash content; sulphur content; extracted pH; and gross heating value.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers four grades of fuel oil made in whole or in part with hydrocarbon-based used or reprocessed lubricating oil or functional fluids, such as preservative and hydraulic fluids. The four grades of fuel are intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning industrial equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These fuels are not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, combustion engines, or marine applications,
1.1.1 Grades RFO4, RFO5L, RFO5H, and RFO6 are used lubricating oil blends, with or without distillate or residual fuel oil, or both, of increasing viscosity and are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of recycled fuels.
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of fuel oils derived from used lubricating oil and for the guidance of consumers of such fuels. This specification does not address the frequency with which any particular test must be run.
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of national or local regulations, which can be more restrictive. In some jurisdictions, used oil is considered a hazardous waste and fuels from used oil are required to meet certain criteria before use as a fuel.
Note 2: For United States federal requirements imposed on used oil generators, transporters and transfer facilities, reprocessors, marketers, and burners, see 40 CFR 279.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; non-SI units, when given, are for information only.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D6448 −14
StandardSpecification for
Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes to SI units formatting were made throughout in December 2014.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers four grades of fuel oil made in
whole or in part with hydrocarbon-based used or reprocessed D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
lubricating oil or functional fluids, such as preservative and
hydraulic fluids.The four grades of fuel are intended for use in Closed Cup Tester
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
various types of fuel-oil-burning industrial equipment under
various climatic and operating conditions. These fuels are not Bituminous Materials by Distillation
D96 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by
intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial
boilers, combustion engines, or marine applications, Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure) (Withdrawn 2000)
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
1.1.1 Grades RFO4, RFO5L, RFO5H, and RFO6 are used
lubricating oil blends, with or without distillate or residual fuel D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
oil, or both, of increasing viscosity and are intended for use in
industrial burners equipped to handle these types of recycled D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-
drocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
fuels.
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
NOTE 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase
ity)
of fuel oils derived from used lubricating oil and for the
D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils
guidance of consumers of such fuels. This specification does
by the Extraction Method
not address the frequency with which any particular test must
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
be run.
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance
of national or local regulations, which can be more restrictive. D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
In some jurisdictions, used oil is considered a hazardous waste D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
and fuels from used oil are required to meet certain criteria Method)
before use as a fuel. D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
NOTE 2—For United States federal requirements imposed on used oil
ucts by Hydrometer Method
generators, transporters and transfer facilities, reprocessors, marketers,
D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
and burners, see 40 CFR 279.
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-
problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-
eter
tion on the subject, see Guide D4865.
D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
standard; non-SI units, when given, are for information only.
Pycnometer
1 2
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.P0 on Recycled Products. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6448 – 09. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D6448-14E01. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D6448−14
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High- EPASW-846 Method 9000 Determination ofWater inWaste
Temperature Method) Materials by Karl Fisher Titration
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by EPASW-846 Method 9001 Determination ofWater inWaste
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure) Lubricants by Quantitative Calcium Hydride Reaction
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by EPA SW-846 Method 9056 Determination of Inorganic An-
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry ions by Ion Chromatography
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
2.3 Federal Code of Regulations Standards:
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
40 CFR 279 Standards for the Management of Used Oil
D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lu-
bricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer
3. Terminology
D3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel Oils
3.1 Definitions:
(Withdrawn 2010)
3.1.1 burner fuel oil, n—any petroleum liquid suitable for
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
the generation of heat by combustion in a furnace or firebox as
Cup Tester
a vapor or a spray, or a combination of both.
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized pri-
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
marily by viscosity ranges.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
3.1.2 reclaiming, n—the use of cleaning methods during
Petroleum Products
recycling primarily to remove insoluble contaminants, thus
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
making the oil suitable for further use. The methods may
Products, and Lubricants
include settling, heating, dehydration, filtration, and centrifug-
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
ing.
Petroleum Products
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum 3.1.3 recycling, n—in petroleum technology, the acquisition
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec- of oil that has become unsuitable for its intended use, and
trometry processing it to regain useful materials.
D4377 Test Method forWater in Crude Oils by Potentiomet-
3.1.4 re-refining, n—the use of refining processes during
ric Karl Fischer Titration
recycling to produce high quality base stocks for lubricants or
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
otherpetroleumproducts.Re-refiningmayincludeoneormore
tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
of the following: distillation, hydrotreating, or treatments
D4868 Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of
employing acid, caustic, solvent, clay, or other chemicals, or
Combustion of Burner and Diesel Fuels
combination thereof.
D4980 Test Methods for Screening of pH in Waste (With-
3.1.5 used oil, n—in petroleum product recycling, oil whose
drawn 2009)
characteristics have changed since being originally
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of
manufactured, and that is suitable for recycling.
Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by
3.1.6 waste oil, n—in petroleum technology, oil having
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-
characteristics making it unsuitable either for further use or for
etry (ICP-AES)
economic recycling.
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples
of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this specification,
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
refer to Terminology D4175.
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
lometric Karl Fischer Titration
3.3.1 industrial burner, n—a device that produces heat for
D6450 Test Method for Flash Point by Continuously Closed
industrial use through the combustion of liquid hydrocarbon
Cup (CCCFP) Tester
fuels.
D6822 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
3.3.1.1 Discussion—Industrial burners are typically de-
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
signed for one of two applications:
ucts by Thermohydrometer Method
(a) industrial furnaces—integral components of manufac-
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
turing processes that provide direct heating, for example, in
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
aggregate, cement, lime, or phosphate kilns; coke ovens; or
Kinematic Viscosity)
blast, smelting, melting, refining, or drying ovens.
D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-
(b) industrial boilers—large indirect heating units that
ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
transfer thermal energy to water or other fluids or gases for use
2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Standards:
in heating in industrial settings and in manufacturing processes
EPA 600/4-79-020 Determination of Inorganic Anions by
Ion Chromatography
National Archives and Records Administration, Code of Federal Regulations
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), (CFR), Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of
Ariel Rios Bldg., PennsylvaniaAve., NW, Washington D.C. 20460. (www.epa.gov/ Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.
epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm. www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html.
´1
D6448−14
3.3.2 reprocessing, n— in petroleum product recycling, the 4.1.4 Grade RFO6—A high-viscosity used lubricating oil
preparation of used oil to be suitable as a fuel. and residual blend fuel, heavier than Grade RFO5H. It is
3.3.2.1 Discussion—Reprocessing includes procedures such intended for use in large industrial heaters and may require
as settling, filtration, blending, distillation, and chemical treat- preheating in the storage tank to permit pumping. Additional
ment. preheating at the burner may be necessary to permit satisfac-
tory atomization. The extra equipment and maintenance re-
4. Classification
quired to handle this fuel usually preclude its use in small
installations.
4.1 There are four grades of industrial burner fuel contain-
ing recycled lubricating oils covered by this specification.
5. General Requirements
These grades may or may not correlate directly with similar
grades in other ASTM standards. The RFO designation iden-
5.1 The fuel oils specified herein shall contain a minimum
tifies them as Reprocessed Fuel Oils.The usage descriptions of
volume of 25 % of used lubricating oil-derived products, the
each grade may not describe all the uses, but are included as
balance being a Specification D396 fuel oil or suitable refinery
general information. The four grades are described as follows:
stocks.
4.1.1 Grade RFO4—Primarily a blend of used lubricating
5.2 The fuel oils shall be homogeneous fluids consisting
oils and distillate or a reprocessed distillate product derived
primarily of hydrocarbons. Fuel oils containing residual com-
from used oil. It is intended for use in pressure atomizing
ponents shall remain uniform in storage and shall not separate
industrial burners with no preheating. This grade of recycled
by gravity or aging into layers in normal operating conditions.
oil fuel is used in many medium capacity industrial burners
whereeaseofhandlingjustifiesthehighercostovertheheavier
NOTE 4—Prolonged storage or equipment down time may necessitate
used oil fuels.
circulation of the fuel oil in-tank to prevent such separation.
4.1.2 Grade RFO5L—A straight (100 %) used lubricating
5.3 The fuel oil shall not contain excessive amounts of
oil blend or a used lubricating oil and distillate blend fuel of
organic or inorganic acids, or both, and shall be free of solid or
intermediate viscosity, heavier than Grade RFO4. It is intended
fibrousmatterthatcouldcausesystemhandlingormaintenance
for use both in pressure-atomizing industrial burners not
problems. The buyer and seller should agree on any require-
requiring higher cost distillates and in burners equipped to
ments for particle size.
atomize oils of higher viscosity with or without pre-heating. Its
NOTE5—Thefuelsdefinedbythisspecificationareappropriateonlyfor
permissible viscosity range allows it to be pumped and
burners capable of handling and combusting fuels with potentially higher
atomized at relatively low-storage temperatures.
metals and ash content.
4.1.3 Grade RFO5H—A straight (100 %) used lubricating
oil blend or a used lubricating oil and residual blend fuel,
6. Detailed Requirements
heavier than Grade RFO5L. It is intended for use in industrial
burners equipped with devices that atomize oil of higher 6.1 Grade RFO4—Therequirementsforthistypeoffuelare
viscosity than domestic burners can handle. Preheating may be presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range
necessaryinsometypesofequipmentforburningandincolder below5mm /s(cSt)at100 °CinaccordancewithTestMethod
climates for handling. D445.
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
A B
Properties Method Proposed Limits
RFO4 RFO5L RFO5H RFO6
Physical:
2 C
Viscosity @ 100 °C mm /s D445
minimum . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.0
maximum . . . <5.0 8.9 14.9 50.0
Flash point, °C (°F), min D93 38 (100) 55 (130) 55 (130) 60 (140)
D
Water & sediment, percent by volume D95 and D473 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
max
Pour point, °C (°F), max D97 −6 (21) NA NA NA
3 E
Density, kg/m @15°C D1298 Report NA NA NA
Chemical:
Ash, percent by mass, max D482 0.7 0.8 0.8 Report
F
Sulphur, percent by mass D129 Report Report Report Report
Extracted pH, min D4980 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
Performance:
Gross heating value, MJ/kg
G
(BTU/US gal), min D240 40.0 (130 000) 41.5 (135 000) 41.5 (135 000) 43.0 (140 000)
A
See Section 7 for details and additional methods.
B
Units given in parentheses are for informational purposes only.
C 2
1cSt =1mm /s.
D
Solids content should not exceed 1.0 % for RFO4 and 5; 2.0 % for RFO 6; Filtration may be required to obtain appropriate particle size for use.
E 3
Density in kg/L at 15 °C multiplied by 1000
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D6448 − 14 D6448 − 14
Standard Specification for
Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes to SI units formatting were made throughout in December 2014.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers four grades of fuel oil made in whole or in part with hydrocarbon-based used or reprocessed
lubricating oil or functional fluids, such as preservative and hydraulic fluids. The four grades of fuel are intended for use in various
types of fuel-oil-burning industrial equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These fuels are not intended for use
in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, combustion engines, or marine applications,
1.1.1 Grades RFO4, RFO5L, RFO5H, and RFO6 are used lubricating oil blends, with or without distillate or residual fuel oil,
or both, of increasing viscosity and are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of recycled fuels.
NOTE 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of fuel oils derived from used lubricating oil and for the guidance
of consumers of such fuels. This specification does not address the frequency with which any particular test must be run.
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of national or local regulations, which can be more restrictive. In
some jurisdictions, used oil is considered a hazardous waste and fuels from used oil are required to meet certain criteria before
use as a fuel.
NOTE 2—For United States federal requirements imposed on used oil generators, transporters and transfer facilities, reprocessors, marketers, and
burners, see 40 CFR 279.
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information
on the subject, see Guide D4865.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; non-SI units, when given, are for information only.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillation
D96 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure) (Withdrawn 2000)
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction Method
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.P0 on Recycled Products.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6448 – 09. DOI:
10.1520/D6448-14.10.1520/D6448-14E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D6448 − 14
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer
D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer
D3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel Oils (Withdrawn 2010)
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4377 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiometric Karl Fischer Titration
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D4868 Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burner and Diesel Fuels
D4980 Test Methods for Screening of pH in Waste (Withdrawn 2009)
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by Inductively
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl
Fischer Titration
D6450 Test Method for Flash Point by Continuously Closed Cup (CCCFP) Tester
D6822 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Thermohydrometer Method
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Standards:
EPA 600/4-79-020 Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion Chromatography
EPA SW-846 Method 9000 Determination of Water in Waste Materials by Karl Fisher Titration
EPA SW-846 Method 9001 Determination of Water in Waste Lubricants by Quantitative Calcium Hydride Reaction
EPA SW-846 Method 9056 Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion Chromatography
2.3 Federal Code of Regulations Standards:
40 CFR 279 Standards for the Management of Used Oil
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 burner fuel oil, n—any petroleum liquid suitable for the generation of heat by combustion in a furnace or firebox as a vapor
or a spray, or a combination of both.
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), Ariel Rios Bldg., Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington D.C. 20460. (www.epa.gov/epaoswer/
hazwaste/test/main.htm.
National Archives and Records Administration, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732
N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401. www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Different grades are characterized primarily by viscosity ranges.
3.1.2 reclaiming, n—the use of cleaning methods during recycling primarily to remove insoluble contaminants, thus making the
oil suitable for further use. The methods may include settling, heating, dehydration, filtration, and centrifuging.
3.1.3 recycling, n—in petroleum technology, the acquisition of oil that has become unsuitable for its intended use, and
processing it to regain useful materials.
´1
D6448 − 14
3.1.4 re-refining, n—the use of refining processes during recycling to produce high quality base stocks for lubricants or other
petroleum products. Re-refining may include one or more of the following: distillation, hydrotreating, or treatments employing
acid, caustic, solvent, clay, or other chemicals, or combination thereof.
3.1.5 used oil, n—in petroleum product recycling, oil whose characteristics have changed since being originally manufactured,
and that is suitable for recycling.
3.1.6 waste oil, n—in petroleum technology, oil having characteristics making it unsuitable either for further use or for economic
recycling.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.3.1 industrial burner, n—a device that produces heat for industrial use through the combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
3.3.1.1 Discussion—
Industrial burners are typically designed for one of two applications:
(a) industrial furnaces—integral components of manufacturing processes that provide direct heating, for example, in
aggregate, cement, lime, or phosphate kilns; coke ovens; or blast, smelting, melting, refining, or drying ovens.
(b) industrial boilers—large indirect heating units that transfer thermal energy to water or other fluids or gases for use in
heating in industrial settings and in manufacturing processes
3.3.2 reprocessing, n— in petroleum product recycling, the preparation of used oil to be suitable as a fuel.
3.3.2.1 Discussion—
Reprocessing includes procedures such as settling, filtration, blending, distillation, and chemical treatment.
4. Classification
4.1 There are four grades of industrial burner fuel containing recycled lubricating oils covered by this specification. These
grades may or may not correlate directly with similar grades in other ASTM standards. The RFO designation identifies them as
Reprocessed Fuel Oils. The usage descriptions of each grade may not describe all the uses, but are included as general information.
The four grades are described as follows:
4.1.1 Grade RFO4—Primarily a blend of used lubricating oils and distillate or a reprocessed distillate product derived from used
oil. It is intended for use in pressure atomizing industrial burners with no preheating. This grade of recycled oil fuel is used in many
medium capacity industrial burners where ease of handling justifies the higher cost over the heavier used oil fuels.
4.1.2 Grade RFO5L—A straight (100 %) used lubricating oil blend or a used lubricating oil and distillate blend fuel of
intermediate viscosity, heavier than Grade RFO4. It is intended for use both in pressure-atomizing industrial burners not requiring
higher cost distillates and in burners equipped to atomize oils of higher viscosity with or without pre-heating. Its permissible
viscosity range allows it to be pumped and atomized at relatively low-storage temperatures.
4.1.3 Grade RFO5H—A straight (100 %) used lubricating oil blend or a used lubricating oil and residual blend fuel, heavier than
Grade RFO5L. It is intended for use in industrial burners equipped with devices that atomize oil of higher viscosity than domestic
burners can handle. Preheating may be necessary in some types of equipment for burning and in colder climates for handling.
4.1.4 Grade RFO6—A high-viscosity used lubricating oil and residual blend fuel, heavier than Grade RFO5H. It is intended for
use in large industrial heaters and may require preheating in the storage tank to permit pumping. Additional preheating at the burner
may be necessary to permit satisfactory atomization. The extra equipment and maintenance required to handle this fuel usually
preclude its use in small installations.
5. General Requirements
5.1 The fuel oils specified herein shall contain a minimum volume of 25 % (volume) of used lubricating oil-derived products,
the balance being a Specification D396 fuel oil or suitable refinery stocks.
5.2 The fuel oils shall be homogeneous fluids consisting primarily of hydrocarbons. Fuel oils containing residual components
shall remain uniform in storage and shall not separate by gravity or aging into layers in normal operating conditions.
NOTE 4—Prolonged storage or equipment down time may necessitate circulation of the fuel oil in-tank to prevent such separation.
5.3 The fuel oil shall not contain excessive amounts of organic or inorganic acids, or both, and shall be free of solid or fibrous
matter that could cause system handling or maintenance problems. The buyer and seller should agree on any requirements for
particle size.
NOTE 5—The fuels defined by this specification are appropriate only for burners capable of handling and combusting fuels with potentially higher
metals and ash content.
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D6448 − 14
6. Detailed Requirements
6.1 Grade RFO4—The requirements for this type of fuel are presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range below
5 mm /s (cSt) at 100 °C in accordance with Test Method D445.
6.2 Grade RFO5L—The requirements for this type of fuel are presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range
2 2
5.0 mm /s to 8.9 mm /s (cSt) at 100 °C in accordance with Test Method D445.
6.3 Grade RFO5H—The requirements for this type of fuel are presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range
2 2
9.0 mm /s to 14.9 mm /s (cSt) at 100 °C in accordance with Test Method D445.
6.4 Grade RFO6—The requirements for this type of fuel are presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range
2 2
15.0 mm /s to 50.0 mm /s (cSt) at 100 °C in accordance with Test Method D445.
NOTE 6—In the United States, fuel must also meet Environmental Protection Agency on-
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