ASTM E238-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic Materials
Standard Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The data obtained from the bearing test are the bearing ultimate and yield strength. The data provide a measure of the load-carrying capacity of a material edge loaded with a close-fitting cylindrical pin through a hole located a specific distance from the specimen edge.
Bearing properties are useful in the comparison of materials and design of structures under conditions where the pin is not restricted.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a pin-type bearing test of metallic materials to determine bearing yield strength and bearing strength.
Note 1—The presence of incidental lubricants on the bearing surfaces may significantly lower the value of bearing yield strength obtained by this method.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E238 − 12
Standard Test Method for
1
Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E238; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.1.3 bearing strain—theratioofthebearingdeformationof
the bearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the pin
1.1 This test method covers a pin-type bearing test of
diameter.
metallic materials to determine bearing yield strength and
3.1.4 bearing yield strength—the bearing stress at which a
bearing strength.
material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the pro-
NOTE 1—The presence of incidental lubricants on the bearing surfaces
portionality of bearing stress to bearing strain.
may significantly lower the value of bearing yield strength obtained by
this method.
3.1.5 bearing strength—the maximum bearing stress which
a material is capable of sustaining.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
3.1.6 edge distance—thedistancefromtheedgeofabearing
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied
information only and are not considered standard.
force (Fig. 1).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.7 edge distance ratio—the ratio of the edge distance to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the pin diameter.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.8 For definitions of other terms see Terminology E6.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The data obtained from the bearing test are the bearing
2. Referenced Documents
ultimate and yield strength. The data provide a measure of the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: load-carrying capacity of a material edge loaded with a
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines close-fitting cylindrical pin through a hole located a specific
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing distance from the specimen edge.
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
4.2 Bearing properties are useful in the comparison of
someter Systems
materials and design of structures under conditions where the
B769 Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum Alloys
pin is not restricted.
B831 Test Method for Shear Testing of Thin Aluminum
Alloy Products 5. Apparatus
5.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for bearing testing
3. Terminology
shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4.
3.1 Definitions:
5.2 Gripping Devices—Various types of gripping devices
3.1.1 bearing area—the product of the pin diameter and
may be used to transmit the measured load applied by the
specimen thickness.
testing machine to the test specimens.Any grips considered to
3.1.2 bearing stress—the force per unit of bearing area.
apply the load axially for tension testing, such as pin connec-
tions or wedge grips, are satisfactory for use in bearing testing.
5.3 Pin—The bearing load is generally applied to the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
specimen through a close-fitting cylindrical pin. The pin shall
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
be harder and stronger than the material being tested. Restraint
Uniaxial Testing.
ofmovementofthespecimenwhereitisincontactwiththepin
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
hasaconsiderableeffectupontheholedeformationobtainedas
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E238 – 84 (2008).
DOI: 10.1520/E0238-12.
a function of the load applied. Close control of surface
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
conditions on both the specimen and pin is needed to assure
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
reproducible results. The pins used should be uniform in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. diameter, hardness, and surface roughness. Pin materials,
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E238 − 12
recommended for testing the materials listed. The pin should
be checked carefully after each test to ensure that no metallic
residueadherestoitandthatitisbothstraightandundefor
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E238–84 (Reapproved 2008) Designation:E238–12
Standard Test Method for
1
Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E238; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers a pin-type bearing test of metallic materials to determine bearing yield strength and bearing
strength.
NOTE 1—The presence of incidental lubricants on the bearing surfaces may significantly lower the value of bearing yield strength obtained by this
method.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems Practice for Verification and Classification of
Extensometer Systems
B769 Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum Alloys
B831 Test Method for Shear Testing of Thin Aluminum Alloy Products
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 bearing area—the product of the pin diameter and specimen thickness.
3.1.2 bearing stress—the force per unit of bearing area.
3.1.3 bearing strain—the ratio of the bearing deformation of the bearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the pin
diameter.
3.1.4 bearing yield strength—the bearing stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the
proportionality of bearing stress to bearing strain.
3.1.5 bearing strength—the maximum bearing stress which a material is capable of sustaining.
3.1.6 edge distance—the distance from the edge of a bearing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied force
(Fig. 1).
3.1.7 edge distance ratio—the ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter.
3.1.8 For definitions of other terms see Terminology E6.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The data obtained from the bearing test are the bearing ultimate and yield strength. The data provide a measure of the
load-carrying capacity of a material edge loaded with a close-fitting cylindrical pin through a hole located a specific distance from
the specimen edge.
4.2 Bearing properties are useful in the comparison of materials and design of structures under conditions where the pin is not
restricted.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on Uniaxial Testing.
Current edition approved MayJune 1, 2008.2012. Published December 2008.August 2012. Originally approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 as
E238 – 84 (2002).(2008). DOI: 10.1520/E0238-84R08.10.1520/E0238-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E238–12
FIG. 1 Bearing Test Specimen
5. Apparatus
5.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for bearing testing shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4.
5.2 Gripping Devices—Various types of gripping devices may be used to transmit the measured load applied by the testing
machine to the test specimens.Any grips considered to apply the load axially for tension testing, such as pin connections or wedge
grips, are satisfactory for use in bearing testing.
5.3 Pin—The bearing load is generally applied to the specimen through a close-fitting cylindrical pin. The pin shall be harder
and stronger than the material being tested. Restraint of movement of the specimen where it is in contact wi
...
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