ASTM D1828-01(2021)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Atmospheric Exposure of Adhesive-Bonded Joints and Structures
Standard Practice for Atmospheric Exposure of Adhesive-Bonded Joints and Structures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The atmospheric exposure tests described in this practice will evaluate the stability of the adhesive bond only in terms of a particular natural atmosphere. Since the atmospheric conditions vary greatly from year to year, these results will not be as reproducible as those derived from laboratory aging procedures. Considerable research has shown that laboratory artificial weathering tests will not give consistently good correlation with outdoor test exposures (2, 3, 4).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the direct exposure of adhesive bonded joints and structures to natural atmospheric environments.
1.2 The procedure for sheltered atmospheric exposure, such as a Stevenson screen (1),2 of adhesive-bonded joints and specimens is the same except for the requirements of facing south and measurement of solar radiation.
1.3 This practice is limited to the procedure by which samples are exposed and does not cover the tests that may be used to evaluate the effects of atmospheric exposure on these adhesive-bonded joints and structures. These samples could be any one of several varieties.
1.3.1 A complete structure for test,
1.3.2 A section of a structure for test,
1.3.3 A complete structure or section with strength observations on specimens cut therefrom,
1.3.4 Test specimens themselves, or
1.3.5 Any of the above, mounted under stress.
1.4 Suitable test methods for evaluation of the effects of exposure include nondestructive qualitative or quantitative observations on the same sample at prescribed intervals, or destructive tests on separate sets of specimens in accordance with such tests as Test Method D1002.
Note 1: See Test Methods D896 and D897.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1828 − 01 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Practice for
Atmospheric Exposure of Adhesive-Bonded Joints and
Structures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the direct expo-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
sure of adhesive bonded joints and structures to natural
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
atmospheric environments.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 The procedure for sheltered atmospheric exposure, such
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
as a Stevenson screen (1), of adhesive-bonded joints and
specimens is the same except for the requirements of facing
2. Referenced Documents
south and measurement of solar radiation.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 This practice is limited to the procedure by which
D896 Practice for Resistance of Adhesive Bonds to Chemi-
samples are exposed and does not cover the tests that may be
cal Reagents
used to evaluate the effects of atmospheric exposure on these
D897 Test Method for Tensile Properties ofAdhesive Bonds
adhesive-bonded joints and structures. These samples could be
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
any one of several varieties.
D1002 Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-
1.3.1 A complete structure for test,
Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Ten-
1.3.2 A section of a structure for test,
sion Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
1.3.3 A complete structure or section with strength obser-
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
vations on specimens cut therefrom,
ASTM Standard Racks and Pipe Frames Blueprints
1.3.4 Test specimens themselves, or
1.3.5 Any of the above, mounted under stress.
3. Terminology
1.4 Suitable test methods for evaluation of the effects of
3.1 Definitions:
exposure include nondestructive qualitative or quantitative
3.1.1 Many terms used in this practice are defined in
observations on the same sample at prescribed intervals, or
destructive tests on separate sets of specimens in accordance Terminology D907.
with such tests as Test Method D1002.
4. Significance and Use
NOTE 1—See Test Methods D896 and D897.
4.1 The atmospheric exposure tests described in this prac-
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
tice will evaluate the stability of the adhesive bond only in
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
termsofaparticularnaturalatmosphere.Sincetheatmospheric
only.
conditions vary greatly from year to year, these results will not
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
be as reproducible as those derived from laboratory aging
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
procedures. Considerable research has shown that laboratory
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
artificial weathering tests will not give consistently good
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
correlation with outdoor test exposures (2, 3, 4).
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D14 on Adhesives For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.40 on Adhesives for Plastics. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved April 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D1828 – 01 (2013). the ASTM website.
DOI: 10.1520/D1828-01R21. Blueprints of ASTM standard racks and pipe frames may be obtained from
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of ASTM International Headquarters. OrderAdjunct No. ADJD1828. Original adjunct
this practice. produced in 1957.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1828 − 01 (2021)
5. Exposure Sites 7.2 Provide for the number of specimens required by each
test method plus at least one additional specimen for each test
5.1 The choice of exposure sites is dependent upon the
method with the number of specimens cut from each sample.
objective of the particular test program.
The additional specimens serve as spares in the event of an
5.2 In the cases of both metallic and nonmetallic adherends,
anomalous or faulty specimen.
choose exposure sites to include variations in average tempera-
NOTE 4—It is recommended that control specimens of a material of
ture (and temperature range), relative humidity, and precipita-
known behavior be included in each exposure test to serve as at least a
tion.
qualitative measure of weather variability.
7.3 The number of samples is based on a statistical analysis
6. Apparatus
of the test program consistent with the number of specimens in
6.1 Racks—Expose the sample on racks which are so
each sample. The number of specimens for each removal
positioned that the exposed surfaces are at an angle of 45° to
period is in accordance with the number required by each test
thehorizontalandfacingtruesouth.Exceptionstothedirection
method and includes specimens from at least two exposed
that the specimens face will be permitted in the case of beach
samples.
exposures, where the specimens usually face parallel to the
7.4 Evaluation intervals for exposed specimens depend on
beach. Place racks on a supporting frame high enough and so
the purpose and test duration. Generally, at least three with-
constructed that there will be no background for a distance of
drawal intervals are needed to give a reasonable indication of
at least 30 cm (11.8 in.) in any direction from the back of
a material’s weathering characteristics (9).
specimens mounted on them. When the frame is positioned on
soil, ensure that the distance between the bottom edge of any
8. Procedure
specimen and the plane of the cleared area great enough to
prevent any undesirable effects of grass or plant growth during
8.1 Prior to exposure, condition all samples at the standard
the period of exposure. In case of roof exposure, ensure that
conditionsof23.0 61°C(73.4 61.8°F)and50 62 %relative
surroundingwallsdonotshadethespecimensorimpedetheair
humidity for not less than 40 h. Then test a control of the
flow over them. Design the racks that samples or specimens
number of specimens required by the test specifications and
will be affixed directly to the rack by means of a clamping
recordtheresults.Storeasecondcontrolatstandardconditions
device made of an inert, insulating material that will allow
of 23.0 6 1°C (73.4 6 1.8°F) and 50 6 2 % relative humidity
themtoexpandorcontractwiththermalandhumiditychanges.
to be tested at the conclusion of the exposure period.
6.2 Climatological Instruments—If detailed information is
8.2 Inscribethespecimenstobeexposedwithanidentifying
necessary, operate instruments suitable for determining aver-
number, letter, or symbol so that they are readily iden
...
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