ASTM D1424-21

Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for the determination of tearing strength by the falling pendulum type apparatus is used in the trade for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabrics, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results on certain fabrics. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be needed.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of fabric of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Microprocessor systems for automatic collection of data can provide economical and reliable results when properly calibrated. See Test Methods D2261 and D5587.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a fabric and using a falling-pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) apparatus.  
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag fabrics, provided the fabric does not tear in the direction crosswise to the direction of the force application during the test. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with, or without, wetting.  
1.3 This test method is suitable only for the warp direction tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course direction of warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other knitted fabrics.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used independently of each other. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2021
• ICS: 59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1424 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum
1
(Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
fabric and using a falling-pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) appa-
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
ratus.
D2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-
woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag
Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
fabrics, provided the fabric does not tear in the direction
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
crosswise to the direction of the force application during the
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
3
test. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated,
drawn 2008)
resin-treated,orotherwisetreated.Instructionsareprovidedfor D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
3
testing specimens with, or without, wetting.
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
1.3 This test method is suitable only for the warp direction
Related Properties of Textiles
tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
direction of warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other
Methods
knitted fabrics.
D5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
Trapezoid Procedure
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary
units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used
3. Terminology
independently of each other. The U.S. customary units may be
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
approximate.
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
cross-machine direction, CD, length of tear, machine direction,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
MD, tearing energy, tearing force, tear resistance, tearing
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
strength, fabric.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Terminology D123.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4. Summary of Test Method
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 Aslit is centrally precut in a test specimen held between
two clamps and the specimen is torn through a fixed distance.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Specific. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2021. Published August 2021. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D1424 – 09 (2019). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D1424-21. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1424 − 21
The resistance to tearing is in part factored into the scale 6 1 mm (4.09 6 0.02 in.). The clamping surface in each jaw
reading of the instrument and is computed from this reading is at least
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1424 − 09 (Reapproved 2019) D1424 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum
1
(Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a fabric
and using a falling-pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) apparatus.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag fabrics, provided
the fabric does not tear in the direction crosswise to the direction of the force application during the test. The fabrics may be
untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with, or without,
wetting.
1.3 This test method is suitable only for the warp direction tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course direction of
warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other knitted fabrics.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used independently
of each other. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile
Testing Machine)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved July 1, 2019July 1, 2021. Published July 2019August 2021. Originally approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 20132019 as
ɛ1
D1424 – 09 (2013)(2019). . DOI: 10.1520/D1424-09R19.10.1520/D1424-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1424 − 21
3
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (Withdrawn 2008)
3
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: cross-machine direction, CD, length of tear, machine direction, MD,
tearing energy, tearing force, tear resistance, tearing strength, fabric.
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A slit is centrally precut in a test specimen held between two clamps and the specimen is torn through a fixed distance. The
resistance to tearing is in part factored into the scale reading of the i
...