ASTM F1572-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Tire Performance Testing on Snow and Ice Surfaces
Standard Test Methods for Tire Performance Testing on Snow and Ice Surfaces
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of tire performance on snow and ice surfaces utilizing passenger car or light truck vehicles. Since the tires are evaluated as part of a tire/vehicle system, the conclusions reached may not be applicable to the same tires tested on a different vehicle.
1.2 These test methods do not purport to identify every maneuver useful for determining tire performance in a winter environment.
1.3 These test methods are not meant to evaluate vehicle performance. Allowing for the variability of test results with different vehicles, these procedures have been developed and selected to evaluate relative tire-snow performance.
1.4 These test methods are suitable for research and development purposes, where tires are compared during a single series of tests. They may not be suitable for regulatory statutes or specification acceptance because the values obtained may not necessarily agree or correlate either in rank order or absolute traction performance level with those obtained under other environmental conditions on other surfaces or the same surface after additional use.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:F1572–99
Standard Test Methods for
Tire Performance Testing on Snow and Ice Surfaces
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1572; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F 457 Test Method for Speed and Distance Calibration of a
Fifth Wheel Equipped with Either Analog or Digital
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of tire perfor-
Instrumentation
mance on snow and ice surfaces utilizing passenger car or light
F 538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-
truck vehicles. Since the tires are evaluated as part of a
formance of Tires
tire/vehicle system, the conclusions reached may not be appli-
F811 Practice for Accelerometer Use in Vehicles for Tire
cable to the same tires tested on a different vehicle.
Testing
1.2 These test methods do not purport to identify every
F 1046 Guide for PreparingArtificiallyWorn Passenger and
maneuver useful for determining tire performance in a winter
Light Truck Tires for Testing
environment.
F 1650 Practice for Evaluating Tire Traction Performance
1.3 These test methods are not meant to evaluate vehicle
Data Under Varying Test Conditions
performance. Allowing for the variability of test results with
F 1805 Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a
different vehicles, these procedures have been developed and
Straight Line on Snow and Ice Covered Surfaces
selected to evaluate relative tire-snow performance.
1.4 These test methods are suitable for research and devel-
3. Terminology
opment purposes, where tires are compared during a single
3.1 Definitions:
series of tests. They may not be suitable for regulatory statutes
3.1.1 test (or testing), n—a procedure performed on an
or specification acceptance because the values obtained may
object (or set of nominally identical objects) using specified
not necessarily agree or correlate either in rank order or
equipment that produces data unique to the object (or set).
absolute traction performance level with those obtained under
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Test data are used to evaluate or model
other environmental conditions on other surfaces or the same
selected properties or characteristics of the object (or set of
surface after additional use.
objects). The scope of testing depends on the decisions to be
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
made for any program, and sampling and replication plans (see
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
definitions below) need to be specified for a complete program
only.
description. F 538
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 test tire, n—a tire used in a test. F 538
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 test tire set, n—one or more test tires as required by
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the test equipment or procedure, to perform a test, thereby
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
producing a single test result.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The four nominally identical tires re-
2. Referenced Documents quired for vehicle stopping distance testing constitute a test tire
set. In the discussion below where the test tire is mentioned, it
2.1 ASTM Standards:
is assumed that the test tire set may be submitted for test tire,
E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations
if a test tire set is required for the testing. F 538
E 1136 Specification for a Radial Standard Reference Test
3.1.4 candidate tire, n—a test tire that is part of a test
Tire
program.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The term “candidate object” may be
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF-9onTiresand used in the same sense as candidate tire. F 538
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.20 on Vehicular Testing.
3.1.5 candidate tire set, n—a set of candidate tires. F 538
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1999. Published November 1999. Originally
e1
published as F 1572 – 94. Last previous edition F 1572 – 94 .
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
3 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
F1572–99
3.1.6 reference tire, n—a special tire included in a test 4. Summary of Test Method
program; the test results for this tire have significance as a base
4.1 These test methods describe a series of vehicle maneu-
value or internal benchmark. F 538
vers which can be utilized by the tire and vehicle industry to
3.1.7 test matrix, n—in tire testing a group of candidate
consistently measure the properties of a tire’s performance on
tires, usually with specified reference tires; all tests are
snow and ice surfaces in the braking, driving and cornering
normally conducted in one testing program.
traction modes.
3.1.8 grooming, v—in tire testing, mechanically reworking
4.2 These test methods outline the procedures for conduct-
a snow test surface in order to obtain a surface with more
ing the following tests:
consistent properties. F 538
4.2.1 Road circuit handling,
3.1.9 ice, dry, n—smooth ice without loose surface materi- 4.2.2 Winter hill climb,
als. F 538 4.2.3 Winter slalom,
4.2.4 Acceleration—straight ahead,
3.1.10 snow, hard pack, n—in tire testing, packed base
4.2.5 Braking—straight ahead, and
without loose snow. F 538
4.2.6 Step steer.
3.1.11 snow, medium pack, n—in tire testing, groomed
packed base with 2.5 to 5.0 cm (1 to 2 in.) loose snow.
5. Significance and Use
F 538
5.1 Thesetestmethodsdescribetechniquesforassessingthe
3.1.12 snow, soft pack, n—in tire testing, freshly fallen or
performance characteristics of tires in a winter environment on
deeply groomed base snow with 5.0 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 in.) loose
snow and ice surfaces in a standardized manner. When only
snow. F 538
snow is referred to hereafter, it should be understood that ice is
3.1.13 vertical load, n—the normal reaction of the tire on
implied as appropriate.
the road which is equal to the negative of normal force.
5.2 A series of maneuvers are conducted to characterize
F 538
several aspects of the tire performance in snow, since a single
3.1.14 spin velocity, n—the angular velocity of the wheel
maneuver is not sufficient to characterize all aspects of a tire’s
about its spin axis. F 538
performance.
3.1.15 longitudinal slip velocity (L/T), n—the effective roll-
ing radius multiplied by the difference between the spin 6. Interferences
velocity (in rad/unit time) of a driven or braked tire and that of
6.1 Factors which may affect tire snow performance and
a free rolling tire when each is traveling in a straight line.
must be considered in the final analysis of data include:
F 538
6.1.1 Snow/ambient temperature,
3.1.16 longitudinal force (F), n—of a tire, the component of
6.1.2 Mechanical breakdown of snowflake into granular
the tire force vector in the X8 direction. F 538
crystals,
3.1.17 driving force (F), n—of a tire, the positive longitu- 6.1.3 Solar heat load and tire temperature,
dinal force resulting from the application of driving torque. 6.1.4 Tire wear condition or preparation,
F 538 6.1.5 Tire pressure and vertical load,
6.1.6 Test vehicle characteristics,
3.1.18 driving coeffıcient (nd), n—the ratio of the driving
6.1.7 Snow surface characteristics,
force to a normal force. F 538
6.1.8 Test driver, and
3.1.19 control tire, n—a reference tire used in a specified
6.1.9 Rim selection.
manner throughout a test program.
3.1.19.1 Discussion—A control tire may be of either type
7. Apparatus
and typical tire use is the reference (control) tire in Practice
7.1 Due to the nature of these test methods, specific require-
F 1650 that provides algorithms for correcting (adjusting) test
ments for apparatus will be limited. A general discussion of
data for bias trend variations (See Practice F 1650 and Annex
types of apparatus and their uses follows.
A1). F 538
7.1.1 Time Measurement—Thisprovidesoneofthesimplest
3.1.20 surface monitoring tire, n—a reference tire used to
and lowest cost methods of quantifying tire performance.
evaluate changes in a test surface over a selected time period.
However, since time measurement inherently involves averag-
F 538
ing over a time period, the measurements obtained provide
3.1.21 standard reference test tire (SRTT), n—a tire that
only a general overview of performance.
meets the requirements of Specification E 1136, commonly
7.1.1.1 Time measurement apparatus may be onboard the
used as control tire or a surface monitoring tire.
vehicle or stationary and may vary from handheld stopwatches
3.1.21.1 Discussion—This is a Type 1 reference tire.
to optical start/stop gates or combined apparatus for measure-
F 538
ment of time and other properties (for example, fifth wheel
3.1.21.2 Discussion—Asurface monitoring tire may also be
apparatus).
used as a control tire.
7.1.1.2 Many tests measure time to complete a slalom or
3.1.22 snow, medium hard pack, n—in tire testing, packed
hill-and-curve course. Other tests involve measuring the time
base with some loose snow.
necessary to reach some condition, such as the time necessary
3.1.23 ice, dry, n—smooth ice without loose surface mate- to stop from a given speed or the time to achieve a certain
rials. F 538 speed from rest.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
F1572–99
7.1.2 Speed and Distance Measurement—Vehicle speed and three-axis accelerometers provide a simple way to evaluate
distance measurement may be used for evaluating tire snow some aspects of tire performance.
performance. There are a number of technologies for measur- 7.1.3.1 Accelerometers function by measuring the accelera-
ing speed and distance. tion of a vehicle. This acceleration depends on the forces
existing at the tire/surface interface.
7.1.2.1 Fifth Wheel Based—This test method requires that a
lightly loaded free-rolling wheel be attached to the vehicle. A 7.1.3.2 Accelerometers typically have bandwidths in excess
of 100 Hz, allowing dynamic measurement of forces in a
revolution counting device on this wheel is used to provide
typical distance resolutions of 1 cm (0.4 in.). Fifth wheel type handling test.
7.1.3.3 Drawbacks to the use of accelerometers include:
devicesarehighlyreliablebutmaysliponlowfrictionsurfaces
or bounce on a rough surface, providing inaccurate readings.A sensitivity to wind and vehicle orientation changes, such as
body pitch and roll, which occur in handling maneuvers
fifth wheel may not be appropriate on a road circuit handling
course. Fifth wheel type devices are not suitable for use in (gyro-stabilized platforms can be used to eliminate this prob-
lem); the need to mount the accelerometer at or near the center
radical maneuvers or situations where the vehicle may slide or
spinout, as these maneuvers may cause damage to the devices. of gravity of the test vehicle to obtain accurate data; the fact
See Test Method F 457 for additional information on fifth that accelerations on snow and ice surfaces are typically small
in magnitude; and the fact that accelerometer signals are
wheels.
typically noisy, leading to the need for filtration of the signal.
7.1.2.2 Non-Contact Optical—Optical sensors are available
See PracticeF811 for additional accelerometer usage informa-
which can measure both longitudinal and lateral speed. Since
tion.
these sensors do not contact the road surface they may be used
7.1.4 Vehicle Orientation—Devices to measure vehicle ori-
without damage in tests which may involve spinouts or
entation include gyroscopes, wheel steer angle transducers and
significant lateral motion. However, optical sensors depend on
some telemetry systems.
surface microtexture and they may not work on all surface
7.1.4.1 Measurement of the test vehicle’s orientation about
conditions.
its pitch and roll axis is typically used for correction of
7.1.2.3 Wheel Speed—A wheel speed sensing device (opti-
accelerometer based test systems.
cal encoder or tachometer) mounted on the wheels of the test
7.1.4.2 Measurement of the test vehicle’s orientation about
vehicle permits the measurement of rotational speed of the
its yaw axis as well as wheel steer angle measurement are used
wheels and the calculation of distance traveled. These test
in cornering performance testing.
methods may be prone to error due to wheel slip or changing
7.1.4.3 Due to high cost, vehicle orientation measurement
rolling radius. Wheel speed sensors are usually used in
devices are typically used only on tests requiring a high degree
conjunction with 7.1.2.1 or 7.1.2.2 to determine the extent of
of accuracy.
wheel spin.
7.1.5 Force—Direct measurement of tire/surface forces is
7.1.2.4 Accelerometers—Several commercial performance
normally accomplished using load cells.
computers exist which calculate speed and distance traveled
7.1.5.1 Load cells provide the most accurate measure of tire
based on internally mounted accelerometers. These devices
forces under dynamic conditions.
perform numerical integration to compute speed and distance
7.1.5.2 Using specially designed suspensions, load cell
from the acceleration signal. Accelerometer-based devices are
based systems may be built which are not significantly affected
non-contact and self-contained; they are easy to transfer
by body roll of the test vehicle.
between vehicles. These devices are best suited to tests which
7.1.5.3 Due to mounting requirements, load cell-based sys-
involve primarily straight ahead motion and which involve
tems typically are not easily transferred between multiple
events of short duration.
vehicles.
7.1.2.5 Radar—Self-contained radio and microwave speed
sensing devices are not widely used for tire performance
8. Selection and Preparation of Test Tires
testing. Development of these devices is continuing.
8.1 Ensure that all test tires are approximately the same age
7.1.2.6 Telemetry—Vehicle position sensing equipment is
and stored essentially at the same conditions prior to testing
available which utilizes both stationary and vehicle mounted
unless otherwise specified.
tranceivers. Using multiple stationary antennae, this equipment
8.2 Test t
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