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ASTM D4539-03e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)

Standard Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The Low Temperature Flow Test results are indicative of the low temperature flow performance of the test fuel in some diesel vehicles (according to CRC Report No. 528). The test method is especially useful for the evaluation of fuels containing flow improver additives.
The test method can be used to supplement other measurements of diesel fuel low temperature behavior (in accordance with Test Methods D 97, D 2500, and D 3117).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers estimating the filterability of diesel fuels in some automotive equipment at low temperatures.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 5.7, 8.1, 8.2.1, 8.3, 8.5, 8.9.3, 8.11, X1.17, and Annex A1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-2003
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4539-03 - Standard Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D4539-09 - Standard Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D975-23 - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D8278-20 - Standard Specification for Digital Contact Thermometers for Test Methods Measuring Flow Properties of Fuels and Lubricants
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D7467-20a - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D8164-21 - Standard Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricant Testing
Effective Date
10-May-2003

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ASTM D4539-03e1 - Standard Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)ASTM D4539-03e1 - Standard Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)
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ASTM D4539-03e1 - Standard Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
e1
Designation:D4539–03
Standard Test Method for
Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test
1
(LTFT)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4539; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—Footnote 9 was corrected editorially in August 2004.
1. Scope* 2.3 Canadian General Standards Board:
CAN/CGSB-3.0, No. 14.01-M86, Low Temperature Flow
1.1 This test method covers estimating the filterability of
6
Test (LTFT) for Diesel Fuels
diesel fuels in some automotive equipment at low tempera-
tures.
NOTE 1—CAN/CGSB-3.0, No. 140.1-M86 is essentially equivalent to
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Test Method D4539, but the differences in apparatus and procedures may
or may not yield different results.
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 The temperature of a series of test specimens of fuel is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
lowered at a prescribed cooling rate. Commencing at a desired
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
test temperature and at each 1°C interval thereafter, a separate
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
specimen from the series is filtered through a 17-µm screen
warning statements, see 8.1, 8.2.1, 8.3, 8.5, and Annex A1.
until a minimum LTFT pass temperature is obtained. The
2. Referenced Documents
minimum LTFT pass temperature is the lowest temperature,
expressedasamultipleof1°C,atwhichatestspecimencanbe
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
filtered in 60 s or less.
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Oils
2
3.2 Alternatively, a single specimen may be cooled as
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
2
described under 3.1 and tested at a specified temperature to
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
determine whether it passes or fails at that temperature.
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Prod-
2
ucts
4. Significance and Use
D3117 TestMethodforWaxAppearancePointofDistillate
2
4.1 TheLowTemperatureFlowTestresultsareindicativeof
Fuels
3
the low temperature flow performance of the test fuel in some
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
diesel vehicles (according to CRC Report No. 528). The test
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
3
method is especially useful for the evaluation of fuels contain-
Petroleum Products
ing flow improver additives.
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
3
4.2 The test method can be used to supplement other
Petroleum Products
4
measurements of diesel fuel low temperature behavior (in
E1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
accordance with Test Methods D97, D2500, and D3117).
2.2 Coordinating Research Council, Inc.
CRC Report No. 528 Diesel Fuel Low-Temperature Oper-
5. Apparatus
5
ability Field Test
5.1 Glass Specimen Vessels, (Borosilicate heat-resistant
glass or equivalent) several 300-mL, clear, heat resistant,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum
wide-mouthed glass bottles having markings indicating 200 6
ProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD02.07on
10 mL and 50–60 mm ID or clear, heat resistant, tall form
Flow Properties.
beakers with no pour spouts and equivalent dimensions.
Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4539–02.
5.2 Glass Receiver Vessels, clear, heat resistant, glass con-
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
tainers graduated through 180 mL in 10 6 2 mL increments.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
5
Available from Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Center
6
Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30346. Available from CGSB Sales Centre, Ottawa, Canada K1A 1G6.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
e1
D4539–03
FIG. 1 LTFT Sample Filtration Assembly
5.3 Filtering Assembly (see Fig. 1), including a storage lid 5.8 Temperature Measuring Device (Liquid-in-glass
orsomeotherformofcover,glasstubing,flexiblefuelresistant thermometer)—Conforming to specifications forASTM Ther-
tubing, pinch clamp or valve, and rubber stopper, or other mometer 114C for air baths or ASTM Ther
...

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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
5.2 Existing methods allow the hydrogen content to be calculated from other parameters or determined by combustion techniques. The method specified provides a quick, simple, and more precise alternative to these methods.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.  
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.  
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Standard Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the acidity in aviation turbine fuel in the range from 0.000 mg/g to 0.100 mg/g KOH.  
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1.2 Sulfur is measured for analytical purposes only for the compensation of X-ray absorption matrix effects affecting the vanadium and nickel X-rays. For measurement of sulfur by standard test method use Test Methods D4294, D2622 or other suitable standard test method for sulfur in crude and residual oils.  
1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
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5.1 The analysis of trace oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition engine fuel has become routine in certain areas to ensure compliance whenever oxygenated fuels are used. In addition, test methods to measure trace levels of oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition fuel are necessary to assess product quality.
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Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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