iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E428-08(2013)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing (Withdrawn 2019)

Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing (Withdrawn 2019)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reference blocks fabricated in accordance with this practice will exhibit specific area-amplitude and distance-amplitude relationships only with an immersion test at 5 MHz using the search unit, test instrument and test parameters described in this practice. Comparison test at other frequencies or with uncalibrated instruments will not necessarily give the same relationships shown in this practice. See Reference (1) for area-amplitude limitations at other frequencies and transducer diameters. Also see Reference (2) for cautions regarding use of standard blocks for test standardizations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabrication and control of metal alloy reference blocks used in ultrasonic examination that have a flat-surface sound entry, are cylindrical in shape, and contain flat-bottom holes (FBH) which may be used for checking the performance of ultrasonic examination instrumentation and search units and for standardization and control of ultrasonic examination of metal alloy products. The reference blocks described are suitable for use with either the direct-contact method or immersion pulse-echo ultrasonic methods.Note 1—Use of flat-surface reference blocks may not be suitable for cylindrical materials (3)2.  
1.2 While this procedure is basically designed for the fabrication and control of carbon and alloy steel blocks to be used in conjunction with the examination of these materials, the fabrication and control procedures may also be suitable for the preparation of blocks for other types of materials such as nickel-base alloys, certain types of aluminum alloys, and so forth. Additional procedures and controls may be required when fabricating reference blocks from other than carbon or alloy steel material. This practice shall in no way preclude the specification or addition of any supplemented requirements as deemed necessary for the specific application. This practice, however, must not be confused with, nor does it supersede Practice E127, specifically governing the fabrication and evaluation of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ultrasonic standard reference blocks.Note 2—Practice E127 and Guide E1158 also describe procedures for selecting material, fabricating blocks, and checking response. Unlike this practice, Practice E127 has requirements for evaluation relative to a specified standard target.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers a procedure for fabrication and control of metal alloy reference blocks used in ultrasonic examination that have a flat-surface sound entry, are cylindrical in shape, and contain flat-bottom holes (FBH) which may be used for checking the performance of ultrasonic examination instrumentation and search units and for standardization and control of ultrasonic examination of metal alloy products. The reference blocks described are suitable for use with either the direct-contact method or immersion pulse-echo ultrasonic methods.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing, this practice was withdrawn in December 2019 and replaced by Practice E127 on the Fabrication and Control of Flat Bottomed Hole Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks.1

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-May-2013
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1277-23 - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Zinc-5 % Aluminum-Mischmetal Alloys by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Effective Date
10-Dec-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1774-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM A508/A508M-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM E127-20 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Flat Bottomed Hole Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM A388/A388M-19 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM A745/A745M-20 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM A503/A503M-15(2020) - Standard Specification for Ultrasonic Examination of Forged Crankshafts
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM E588-03(2020) - Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by the Ultrasonic Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM A1-00(2018) - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Tee Rails
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM A646/A646M-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013

Buy Standard

ASTM E428-08(2013) - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing (Withdrawn 2019)ASTM E428-08(2013) - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing (Withdrawn 2019)
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM E428-08(2013) - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing (Withdrawn 2019)
English language
7 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E428 − 08 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum,
1
Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E428; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.3 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabrication and
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
control of metal alloy reference blocks used in ultrasonic
and are not considered standard.
examinationthathaveaflat-surfacesoundentry,arecylindrical
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in shape, and contain flat-bottom holes (FBH) which may be
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
used for checking the performance of ultrasonic examination
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
instrumentation and search units and for standardization and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
control of ultrasonic examination of metal alloy products. The
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
reference blocks described are suitable for use with either the
direct-contact method or immersion pulse-echo ultrasonic
2. Referenced Documents
methods.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—Use of flat-surface reference blocks may not be suitable for
2
E127Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Al-
cylindrical materials (1) .
loy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
1.2 While this procedure is basically designed for the
E1158Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of
fabrication and control of carbon and alloy steel blocks to be
Reference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ul-
used in conjunction with the examination of these materials,
trasonic Testing of Metal and Metal Alloy Production
the fabrication and control procedures may also be suitable for
Material
the preparation of blocks for other types of materials such as
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
nickel-base alloys, certain types of aluminum alloys, and so
forth. Additional procedures and controls may be required
3. Terminology
when fabricating reference blocks from other than carbon or
alloy steel material. This practice shall in no way preclude the 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
specification or addition of any supplemented requirements as practice, see Terminology E1316.
deemed necessary for the specific application. This practice,
however, must not be confused with, nor does it supersede 4. Summary of Practice
Practice E127, specifically governing the fabrication and
4.1 This practice details a basic fabrication and control
evaluation of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ultrasonic standard
procedure and defines the minimum requirements to be met in
reference blocks.
matching carbon and alloy steel reference blocks with the
material to be examined. Additional supplemental require-
NOTE 2—Practice E127 and Guide E1158 also describe procedures for
selecting material, fabricating blocks, and checking response. Unlike this ments may be needed when using this practice to fabricate
practice, Practice E127 has requirements for evaluation relative to a
reference blocks from other types of materials or with larger
specified standard target.
diameterholes.Thephysicalcharacteristicsoftheholemaybe
established by evaluating plastic replicas. It must be recog-
nized however that there are limitations on the size hole that
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- may be replicated and evaluated.
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally
3
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E428-08. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E0428-08R13. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E428 − 08 (2013)
5. Significance and Use changes usually yield readily discernible diffe
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM E1734-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory and consistent results. This practice is not intended for controlling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic method may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuities and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of this practice. The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful for maximizing defect response.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of castings. Radioscopic examination of weldments can be found in E1416.  
1.2 This practice applies only to radioscopic examination in which an image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for evaluation. Test part acceptance may be based on a static or dynamic image. The examination results may be recorded for later review. This practice does not apply to fully automated systems in which evaluation is performed automatically by a computer.  
1.3 Due to the many complex geometries and part configurations inherent with castings, it is necessary to recognize the potential limitations associated with obtaining complete radioscopic coverage. Consideration shall be given to areas where geometry or part configuration does not allow for complete radioscopic coverage.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1815-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.  
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at  D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at  D = 2.0.  
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be constructed.  
4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systems and developer chemistry will be the users of this test method. The result is a classification table as shown by the example given in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data for user information. Users of industrial radiographic film systems may also perform the tests and measurements outlined in this test method, provided that the required test equipment is used and the methodology is followed strictly. (A) Family of films ranging in speed and image quality.  
4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiography film systems will enable specifying bodies and contracting parties to agree to particular system classes, which are capable of providing known image qualities. See 8.2.  
4.5 ISO 11699–1 and European standard EN 584-1 describe the same m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.  
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1816-18(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods described provide indirect measurement of the thickness of sections of materials not exceeding temperatures of 1200°F [650°C]. Measurements are made from one side of the object, without requiring access to the rear surface.  
5.2 Ultrasonic thickness measurements are used extensively on basic shapes and products of many materials, on precision machined parts, and to determine wall thinning in process equipment caused by corrosion and erosion.  
5.3 Recommendations for determining the capabilities and limitations of ultrasonic thickness gages for specific applications can be found in the cited references (1,2).6
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for measuring the thickness of materials using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT), a non-contact pulse-echo method, at temperatures not to exceed 1200°F [650°C].  
1.2 This practice is applicable to any electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, in which ultrasonic waves will propagate at a constant velocity throughout the part, and from which back reflections can be obtained and resolved.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E94/E94M-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, this guide is generally applicable to available materials, processes, and techniques where industrial radiographic films are used as the recording media.  
4.2 Limitations—This guide does not take into consideration the benefits and limitations of nonfilm radiography such as radioscopy, digital detector arrays, or computed radiography. Refer to Guides E1000, E2736, and E2007.  
4.3 Although reference is made to documents that may be used in the identification and grading, where applicable, of representative discontinuities in common metal castings and welds, no attempt has been made to set standards of acceptance for any material or production process.  
4.4 Radiography will be consistent in image quality (contrast sensitivity and definition) only if all details of techniques, such as geometry, film, filtration, viewing, etc., are obtained and maintained.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide2 covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic film recording. It includes statements about preferred practice without discussing the technical background which justifies the preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard documents of other societies is included for additional information on the subject.  
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined; radiographic examination techniques and production methods; radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available reference radiograph documents.  
Note 1: Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice E1025, Practice E1030/E1030M, and Practice E1032.  
1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and follows many of the same general principles of film based radiography but with many important differences. The user is referred to standards for digital radiography [E2597, E2698, E2736, and E2737 for digital detector array (DDA) radiography and E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed radiography(CR)] if considering the use of digital radiography.  
1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement between producer and purchaser.  
1.5 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection against X-rays and gamma-rays are not covered by this guide. For information on this important aspect of radiography, reference should be made to the current document of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, National Bureau of Standards, and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation safety information, refer to NIST Handbook ANSI 43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulations for agreement states.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system should be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should be qualified in accordance with Specification E543.  
1.8 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this guide should be qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, assoc...

  • Guide
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1817-08(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of RQIs is a significant departure from normal practice in industrial radiology because it is not a standard design and is dependent on the application, material, and process and therefore cannot be a simple plaque or wire. The use of an RQI provides documented evidence that radiologic images have the level of quality necessary to reveal those nonconformances for which the parts are being examined by ensuring adequate spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in the areas of interest.  
5.2 Where conventional IQIs conforming to Practice E747 or E1025 can be used effectively, those practices should be followed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the radiological examination of unique materials or processes, or both, for which conventionally designed image quality indicators (IQIs), such as those described in Practices E747 and E1025, may be inadequate in controlling the quality and repeatability of the radiological image.  
1.2 Where appropriate, representative image quality indicators (RQIs) may also represent criteria levels of the acceptance or rejection of images of discontinuities.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to most radiological methods of examination.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for Aerospace

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
Note 1: This practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.  
1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5.1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1814-14(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination of Castings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 CT may be performed on an object when it is in the as-cast, intermediate, or final machined condition. A CT examination can be used as a design tool to improve wax forms and moldings, establish process parameters, randomly check process control, perform final quality control (QC) examination for the acceptance or rejection of parts, and analyze failures and extend component lifetimes.  
4.2 The most common applications of CT for castings are for the following: locating and characterizing discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink; measuring as-cast part dimensions for comparison with design dimensions; and extracting dimensional measurements for reverse engineering.  
4.3 The extent to which a CT image reproduces an object or a feature within an object is dictated largely by the competing influences of spatial resolution, contrast discrimination, the specific geometry and material of the object itself, and artifacts of the imaging system. Operating parameters strike an overall balance between image quality, examination time, and cost.  
4.4 Artifacts are often the limiting factor in CT image quality. (See Practice E1570 for an in-depth discussion of artifacts.) Artifacts are reproducible features in an image that are not related to actual features in the object. Artifacts can be considered correlated noise because they form repeatable fixed patterns under given conditions yet carry no object information. For castings, it is imperative to recognize what is and is not an artifact since an artifact can obscure or masquerade as a discontinuity. Artifacts are most prevalent in castings with long straight edges or complex geometries, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.  
1.2 This practice provides a uniform procedure for a CT examination of castings for one or more of the following purposes:  
1.2.1 Examining for discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink;  
1.2.2 Performing metrological measurements and determining dimensional conformance; and  
1.2.3 Determining reverse engineering data, that is, creating computer-aided design (CAD) data files.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1444/E1444M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for Aerospace

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
Note 1: This practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.  
1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5.1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E215-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Standardizing Equipment and Electromagnetic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.  
4.2 The depth of penetration of eddy currents in the tube wall is influenced by the conductivity (alloy) of the material being examined and the excitation frequency employed. As defined by the standard depth of penetration equation, the eddy current penetration depth is inversely related to conductivity and excitation frequency (Note 2). Beyond one standard depth of penetration (SDP), the capacity to detect discontinuities by eddy currents is reduced. Electromagnetic examination of seamless aluminum alloy tube is most effective when the wall thickness does not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when discontinuities of interest are within one SDP. The limit for detecting metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities by way of conventional eddy current sensors is generally accepted to be approximately three times the SDP point and is referred to as the effective depth of penetration (EDP).
Note 2: The standard depth of penetratio...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 is for standardizing eddy current equipment employed in the examination of seamless aluminum-alloy tube. Artificial discontinuities consisting of flat-bottomed or through holes, or both, are employed as the means of standardizing the eddy current system. General requirements for eddy current examination procedures are included.  
1.2 Procedures for fabrication of reference standards are given in X1.1 and X2.1.  
1.3 This practice is intended for the examination of tubular products having nominal diameters up to 4 in. (101.6 mm) and wall thicknesses up to the standard depth of penetration (SDP) of eddy currents for the particular alloy (conductivity) being examined and the examination frequency being used.  
Note 1: This practice may also be used for larger diameters or heavier walls up to the effective depth of penetration (EDP) of eddy currents as long as adequate resolution is obtained and as specified by the using party or parties.  
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be established by the using party or parties.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1774-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—Ultrasonic testing is a widely used nondestructive method for the examination of a material. The majority of ultrasonic examinations are performed using transducers that directly convert electrical energy into acoustic energy through the use of piezoelectric crystals. This guide describes an alternate technique in which electromagnetic energy is used to produce acoustic energy inside an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material. EMATs have unique characteristics when compared to conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic search units, making them a significant tool for some ultrasonic examination applications.  
4.2 Principle—An electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) generates and receives ultrasonic waves without the need to contact the material in which the acoustic waves are traveling. The use of an EMAT requires that the material to be examined be electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, or both. There are two basic components of an EMAT system, a magnet and a coil. The magnet may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, which is used to produce a magnetic field in the material under test. The coil is driven using alternating current at the desired ultrasonic frequency. The coil and AC current also induce a surface magnetic field in the material under test. In the presence of the static magnetic field, the surface current experiences Lorentz forces that produce the desired ultrasonic waves. Upon reception of an ultrasonic wave, the surface of the conductor oscillates in the presence of a magnetic field, thus inducing a voltage in the coil. The transduction process occurs within an electromagnetic skin depth. The EMAT forms the basis for a very reproducible noncontact system for generating and detecting ultrasonic waves.  
4.3 Specific Advantages—Since an EMAT technique does not have to be in contact with the material under examination, no fluid couplant is required. Important consequences of this include applications to moving objects, in...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended primarily for tutorial purposes. It provides an overview of the general principles governing the operation and use of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for ultrasonic examination.  
1.2 This guide describes a non-contact technique for coupling ultrasonic energy into an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, through the use of electromagnetic fields. This guide describes the theory of operation and basic design considerations as well as the advantages and limitations of the technique.  
1.3 This guide is intended to serve as a general reference to assist in determining the usefulness of EMATs for a given application as well as provide fundamental information regarding their design and operation. This guide provides guidance for the generation of longitudinal, shear, Rayleigh, and Lamb wave modes using EMATs.  
1.4 This guide does not contain detailed procedures for the use of EMATs in any specific applications; nor does it promote the use of EMATs without thorough testing prior to their use for examination purposes. Some applications in which EMATs have been applied successfully are outlined in Section 9.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co...

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off