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ASTM E3329-21

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Explosive Residues

Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Explosive Residues

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This practice is designed to assist the forensic explosives examiner in selecting and organizing an analytical scheme for identifying explosive residues. The amount and condition of the sample, as well as the availability of instrumental techniques, will determine the selected analytical scheme.  
6.2 The forensic explosives examiner considers relevant issues about the case investigation and submitted items, such as sample size, complexity and condition, environmental effects, and collection methods used. Considerations include test methods, sample preparation schemes, test sequences, and acceptable degrees of sample alteration and consumption that will be different for each case submission.  
6.3 This practice is used when insufficient material is present to follow Practice E3253.  
6.4 This practice is used in conjunction with the referenced documents.  
6.5 This practice does not attempt to address all the issues regarding sample analyses. There could be additional tests or analyses performed to provide further discrimination and characterization of samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation, selection, and application of techniques to establish an examination scheme for use by forensic explosives examiners to identify residues from low and high explosives. A foundation for the consistent approach to the analysis of visible and non-visible explosive residues from post-blast or other explosive-related scenes is provided. Methods for the development of identifying information that follows an efficient order of testing are described.  
1.2 This practice establishes requirements for the use of visual, physical, analytical, and instrumental techniques that provide structural and chemical information for an identification of an explosive residue.  
1.3 Techniques used in the examination of explosive residues include visual and microscopical inspection, physical characterization, ignition susceptibility testing, chemical and spot testing, and instrumental methods.  
1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework (refer to the T/SWGFEX Suggested Guide for Explosives Analysis Training).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2021
ICS
71.100.30 - Explosives. Pyrotechnics and fireworks
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Drafting Committee
E30.01 - Criminalistics
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E3329-21 - Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Explosive ResiduesASTM E3329-21 - Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Explosive Residues
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ASTM E3329-21 - Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Explosive Residues
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E3329 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Establishing an Examination Scheme for Explosive
1
Residues
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3329; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation, selection, and ap-
E620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Tech-
plication of techniques to establish an examination scheme for
nical Experts
use by forensic explosives examiners to identify residues from
E860 Practice for ExaminingAnd Preparing Items ThatAre
low and high explosives. A foundation for the consistent
Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
approach to the analysis of visible and non-visible explosive
E1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
residues from post-blast or other explosive-related scenes is
E2917 Practice for Forensic Science Practitioner Training,
provided. Methods for the development of identifying infor-
Continuing Education, and Professional Development
mation that follows an efficient order of testing are described.
Programs
1.2 This practice establishes requirements for the use of
E2998 Practice for Characterization and Classification of
visual, physical, analytical, and instrumental techniques that
Smokeless Powder
provide structural and chemical information for an identifica-
E2999 Test Method for Analysis of Organic Compounds in
tion of an explosive residue.
Smokeless Powder by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spec-
trometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
1.3 Techniques used in the examination of explosive resi-
E3255 Practice for Quality Assurance of Forensic Science
dues include visual and microscopical inspection, physical
ServiceProvidersPerformingForensicChemicalAnalysis
characterization, ignition susceptibility testing, chemical and
E3196 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Explo-
spot testing, and instrumental methods.
sives
E3253 Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for
1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic
science practitioners with the requisite formal education, Intact Explosives
discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demon- 2.2 Other Resources:
Technical/Scientific Working Group for Fire and Explosion
strated proficiency to perform forensic casework (refer to the
T/SWGFEX Suggested Guide for Explosives Analysis Train- Analysis (T/SWGFEX) Suggested Guide for Explosive
3
Analysis Training
ing).
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
see Terminology E1732, Practice E3253, and Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E3196.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.1 explosive residue, n—material remaining from an
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
explosivedeflagrationordetonationorfromdirectcontactwith
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
an explosive. Explosive residue generally does not have a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, https://www.nist.gov/
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. DOI: 10.1520/ system/files/documents/2018/09/21/twgfex_suggest_guide_for_explosive_analysis
E3329-21. _training.pdf.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3329 − 21
discernible morphology, can be visible or non-visible, and can condition of the sample, as well as the availability of instru-
contain uninitiated and post-combustion co
...

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ASTM E3329-21e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Explosive Residues

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This practice is designed to assist the forensic explosives examiner in selecting and organizing an analytical scheme for identifying explosive residues. The amount and condition of the sample, as well as the availability of instrumental techniques, will determine the selected analytical scheme.  
6.2 The forensic explosives examiner considers relevant issues about the case investigation and submitted items, such as sample size, complexity and condition, environmental effects, and collection methods used. Considerations include test methods, sample preparation schemes, test sequences, and acceptable degrees of sample alteration and consumption that will be different for each case submission.  
6.3 This practice is used when insufficient material is present to follow Practice E3253.  
6.4 This practice is used in conjunction with the referenced documents.  
6.5 This practice does not attempt to address all the issues regarding sample analyses. There could be additional tests or analyses performed to provide further discrimination and characterization of samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation, selection, and application of techniques to establish an examination scheme for use by forensic explosives examiners to identify residues from low and high explosives. A foundation for the consistent approach to the analysis of visible and non-visible explosive residues from post-blast or other explosive-related scenes is provided. Methods for the development of identifying information that follows an efficient order of testing are described.  
1.2 This practice establishes requirements for the use of visual, physical, analytical, and instrumental techniques that provide structural and chemical information for an identification of an explosive residue.  
1.3 Techniques used in the examination of explosive residues include visual and microscopical inspection, physical characterization, ignition susceptibility testing, chemical and spot testing, and instrumental methods.  
1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework (refer to the T/SWGFEX Suggested Guide for Explosives Analysis Training).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3253-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Intact Explosives

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is designed to assist the forensic explosives examiner in selecting and organizing an analytical scheme for identifying intact explosives. The amount and condition of the sample, as well as the availability of applicable instrumental techniques, will determine the selected analytical scheme.  
5.2 The forensic explosives examiner considers relevant issues about the case investigation and submitted items, such as sample size, complexity and condition, environmental effects, and collection methods used. Considerations include test methods, sample preparation schemes, test sequences, and acceptable degrees of sample alteration and consumption that will be different for each case submission.  
5.3 This practice provides the minimum criteria for identifying explosive material. The examiner determines an analytical scheme that uses techniques to correctly identify the material, which could include oxidizers, fuels, binders, and detection agents.  
5.4 This practice is used in conjunction with the referenced documents.  
5.5 This practice does not attempt to address all the issues regarding sample analyses. There could be additional tests or analyses performed to provide further discrimination and characterization of samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation, selection, and application of techniques to establish examination schemes for use by forensic explosives examiners to identify intact (unexploded) low and high explosives. A foundation for a consistent approach to the analysis of intact explosives is provided. Methods for the development of identifying information that follows an efficient order of testing are described.  
1.2 This practice establishes requirements for the use of visual, physical, analytical, and instrumental techniques that provide structural and chemical information for an identification of a high or low explosive material.  
1.3 Techniques used in the examination of explosives include visual and microscopical inspection, physical characterization, ignition susceptibility testing, chemical and spot testing, and instrumental methods.  
1.4 The minimum requirements for identification of commonly encountered explosives and explosive materials are listed.  
1.5 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework (refer to the T/SWGFEX Suggested Guide for Explosives Analysis Training).  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E3196-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to the Examination of Explosives

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to explosives analysis. In addition, several sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology: Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Sixteenth Edition  (1);3  Practical Bomb Scene Investigation, Third Edition  (2); Forensic Investigation of Explosions  (3); Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, Third Edition  (4); Explosives, Seventh Completely Revised and Updated Edition  (5); Dictionary of Explosions & Explosives  (6); PICATINNY Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items  (7, 8); Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary  (9); and DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms  (10). A suitable definition was developed after all of the sources were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions related to the analysis of explosives. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM E2998-16(Practice)
Standard Practice for Characterization and Classification of Smokeless Powder

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes guidelines for the characterization of smokeless powder which can be used as an explosive for improvised explosive devices or as a propellant, such as for small arms ammunition and for military ordnance.  
5.2 This practice establishes the minimum criteria necessary to classify smokeless powders.  
5.3 The morphology of smokeless powder is a distinct characteristic used for classification and identification purposes.  
5.4 The identification of a questioned sample as smokeless powder (that is, it is a propellant or low explosive) does not require the identification of chemical components of a smokeless powder other than nitrocellulose.  
5.5 Identification of organic compounds associated with smokeless powders is a requirement to classify a smokeless powder sample as single-base, double-base, or triple-base.  
5.6 Additional analytical techniques may be available that are not mentioned within this document that are acceptable for the characterization and analysis of smokeless powders.  
5.7 The requirements to associate a questioned smokeless powder to a unique smokeless powder product by brand name or intercomparison of two or more questioned powders are beyond the scope of this document (13-15).  
5.8 The identification of smokeless powder residue in the absence of whole or partial grains is beyond the scope of this document.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for characterization and analysis of smokeless powders recovered from explosives incidents (1, 2),2 materials or objects containing gunshot residue (3) when visible grains are present, or bulk samples of powder.  
1.2 Smokeless powder is characterized by shape, color, texture, manufacturing toolmarks, markers, dimensional measurements, and chemical composition (4-6).  
1.3 Smokeless powder is an energetic material classified as a low explosive or propellant. Smokeless powder can be further classified as single-base, double-base, or triple-base.  
1.4 Analysis of post-blast debris and items containing gunshot residue when visible grains of smokeless powder are not present is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.5 This practice will provide guidelines for the analysis of organic components of smokeless powders using various instrumental techniques, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard involves handling of low explosives and potentially other energetic materials. It is strongly suggested that an analyst be trained in the storage and safe handling of energetic materials and be familiar with the properties and hazards of explosives.  
1.8 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skill, or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM E3329-21e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Explosive Residues

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This practice is designed to assist the forensic explosives examiner in selecting and organizing an analytical scheme for identifying explosive residues. The amount and condition of the sample, as well as the availability of instrumental techniques, will determine the selected analytical scheme.  
6.2 The forensic explosives examiner considers relevant issues about the case investigation and submitted items, such as sample size, complexity and condition, environmental effects, and collection methods used. Considerations include test methods, sample preparation schemes, test sequences, and acceptable degrees of sample alteration and consumption that will be different for each case submission.  
6.3 This practice is used when insufficient material is present to follow Practice E3253.  
6.4 This practice is used in conjunction with the referenced documents.  
6.5 This practice does not attempt to address all the issues regarding sample analyses. There could be additional tests or analyses performed to provide further discrimination and characterization of samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation, selection, and application of techniques to establish an examination scheme for use by forensic explosives examiners to identify residues from low and high explosives. A foundation for the consistent approach to the analysis of visible and non-visible explosive residues from post-blast or other explosive-related scenes is provided. Methods for the development of identifying information that follows an efficient order of testing are described.  
1.2 This practice establishes requirements for the use of visual, physical, analytical, and instrumental techniques that provide structural and chemical information for an identification of an explosive residue.  
1.3 Techniques used in the examination of explosive residues include visual and microscopical inspection, physical characterization, ignition susceptibility testing, chemical and spot testing, and instrumental methods.  
1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework (refer to the T/SWGFEX Suggested Guide for Explosives Analysis Training).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3253-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Establishing an Examination Scheme for Intact Explosives

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is designed to assist the forensic explosives examiner in selecting and organizing an analytical scheme for identifying intact explosives. The amount and condition of the sample, as well as the availability of applicable instrumental techniques, will determine the selected analytical scheme.  
5.2 The forensic explosives examiner considers relevant issues about the case investigation and submitted items, such as sample size, complexity and condition, environmental effects, and collection methods used. Considerations include test methods, sample preparation schemes, test sequences, and acceptable degrees of sample alteration and consumption that will be different for each case submission.  
5.3 This practice provides the minimum criteria for identifying explosive material. The examiner determines an analytical scheme that uses techniques to correctly identify the material, which could include oxidizers, fuels, binders, and detection agents.  
5.4 This practice is used in conjunction with the referenced documents.  
5.5 This practice does not attempt to address all the issues regarding sample analyses. There could be additional tests or analyses performed to provide further discrimination and characterization of samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation, selection, and application of techniques to establish examination schemes for use by forensic explosives examiners to identify intact (unexploded) low and high explosives. A foundation for a consistent approach to the analysis of intact explosives is provided. Methods for the development of identifying information that follows an efficient order of testing are described.  
1.2 This practice establishes requirements for the use of visual, physical, analytical, and instrumental techniques that provide structural and chemical information for an identification of a high or low explosive material.  
1.3 Techniques used in the examination of explosives include visual and microscopical inspection, physical characterization, ignition susceptibility testing, chemical and spot testing, and instrumental methods.  
1.4 The minimum requirements for identification of commonly encountered explosives and explosive materials are listed.  
1.5 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework (refer to the T/SWGFEX Suggested Guide for Explosives Analysis Training).  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3196-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to the Examination of Explosives

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to explosives analysis. In addition, several sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology: Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Sixteenth Edition  (1);3  Practical Bomb Scene Investigation, Third Edition  (2); Forensic Investigation of Explosions  (3); Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, Third Edition  (4); Explosives, Seventh Completely Revised and Updated Edition  (5); Dictionary of Explosions & Explosives  (6); PICATINNY Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items  (7, 8); Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary  (9); and DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms  (10). A suitable definition was developed after all of the sources were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions related to the analysis of explosives. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2998-16(Practice)
Standard Practice for Characterization and Classification of Smokeless Powder

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes guidelines for the characterization of smokeless powder which can be used as an explosive for improvised explosive devices or as a propellant, such as for small arms ammunition and for military ordnance.  
5.2 This practice establishes the minimum criteria necessary to classify smokeless powders.  
5.3 The morphology of smokeless powder is a distinct characteristic used for classification and identification purposes.  
5.4 The identification of a questioned sample as smokeless powder (that is, it is a propellant or low explosive) does not require the identification of chemical components of a smokeless powder other than nitrocellulose.  
5.5 Identification of organic compounds associated with smokeless powders is a requirement to classify a smokeless powder sample as single-base, double-base, or triple-base.  
5.6 Additional analytical techniques may be available that are not mentioned within this document that are acceptable for the characterization and analysis of smokeless powders.  
5.7 The requirements to associate a questioned smokeless powder to a unique smokeless powder product by brand name or intercomparison of two or more questioned powders are beyond the scope of this document (13-15).  
5.8 The identification of smokeless powder residue in the absence of whole or partial grains is beyond the scope of this document.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for characterization and analysis of smokeless powders recovered from explosives incidents (1, 2),2 materials or objects containing gunshot residue (3) when visible grains are present, or bulk samples of powder.  
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1.4 Analysis of post-blast debris and items containing gunshot residue when visible grains of smokeless powder are not present is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.5 This practice will provide guidelines for the analysis of organic components of smokeless powders using various instrumental techniques, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard involves handling of low explosives and potentially other energetic materials. It is strongly suggested that an analyst be trained in the storage and safe handling of energetic materials and be familiar with the properties and hazards of explosives.  
1.8 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skill, or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Oil Spill Dispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments, Lakes and Large Water Bodies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.  
3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.
SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
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