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ASTM D1657-22

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer

Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The density or relative density of light hydrocarbons and liquefied petroleum gases is used in custody transfer quantity calculations or to satisfy transportation, storage, and regulatory requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of light hydrocarbons including liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) having Reid vapor pressures exceeding 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi).  
1.2 The prescribed apparatus should not be used for materials having vapor pressures higher than 1.4 MPa (200 psi) at the test temperature. This pressure limit is dictated by the type of equipment. Higher pressures can apply to other equipment designs.  
1.3 The initial pressure hydrometer readings obtained are uncorrected hydrometer readings and not density measurements. Readings are measured on a hydrometer at either the reference temperature or at another convenient temperature, and readings are corrected for the meniscus effect, the thermal glass expansion effect, alternate calibration temperature effects and to the reference temperature by means of calculations and Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA TP-27), as applicable.  
1.4 Values determined as density or relative density can be converted to equivalent values in the other units or alternative reference temperatures by means of Interconversion Procedures API MPMS  Chapter 11.5, or Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA TP-27), as applicable.  
1.5 The calculations required in Section 11 shall be applied to the initial pressure hydrometer reading with observations and results reported as required by Section 11 prior to use in a subsequent calculation procedure (measurement ticket calculation, meter factor calculation, or base prover volume determination).  
1.6 Annex A1 contains a procedure for verifying or certifying the equipment for this test method.  
1.7 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. US Customary values shown in adjacent parentheses are for information only and may not be exactly equivalent. Both SI and customary units have been rounded so that they may not be exactly equivalent.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2022
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.02 - Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API)
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D1657-22 - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure HydrometerASTM D1657-22 - Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1657 − 22
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 9.2
Standard Test Method for
Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by
1
Pressure Hydrometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1657; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* subsequent calculation procedure (measurement ticket
calculation, meter factor calculation, or base prover volume
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density
determination).
or relative density of light hydrocarbons including liquefied
petroleum gases (LPG) having Reid vapor pressures exceeding 1.6 Annex A1 contains a procedure for verifying or certify-
101.325 kPa (14.696 psi). ing the equipment for this test method.
1.2 The prescribed apparatus should not be used for mate- 1.7 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
rials having vapor pressures higher than 1.4 MPa (200 psi) at US Customary values shown in adjacent parentheses are for
the test temperature. This pressure limit is dictated by the type information only and may not be exactly equivalent. Both SI
of equipment. Higher pressures can apply to other equipment and customary units have been rounded so that they may not be
designs. exactly equivalent.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.3 The initial pressure hydrometer readings obtained are
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
uncorrected hydrometer readings and not density measure-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ments. Readings are measured on a hydrometer at either the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
reference temperature or at another convenient temperature,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and readings are corrected for the meniscus effect, the thermal
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
glass expansion effect, alternate calibration temperature effects
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
and to the reference temperature by means of calculations and
Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
(API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
TP-27), as applicable.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.4 Values determined as density or relative density can be
converted to equivalent values in the other units or alternative
2. Referenced Documents
reference temperatures by means of Interconversion Proce-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
dures API MPMS Chapter 11.5, or Adjunct to D1250 Guide for
D1250 Guide for the Use of the Joint API and ASTM
Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or
Adjunct for Temperature and Pressure Volume Correction
API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA TP-27), as applicable.
Factors for Generalized Crude Oils, Refined Products, and
1.5 The calculations required in Section 11 shall be applied
Lubricating Oils: API MPMS Chapter 11.1
to the initial pressure hydrometer reading with observations
D1265 Practice for Sampling Liquefied Petroleum (LP)
and results reported as required by Section 11 prior to use in a
Gases, Manual Method
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
ucts by Hydrometer Method (API MPMS Chapter 9.1)
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and the API Committee on
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
Petroleum Measurement, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02
Fuels, and Lubricants
/COMQ, the joint ASTM-API Committee on Hydrocarbon Measurement for
Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API). This test method has been approved by the
sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance
2
with established procedures. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published July 2022. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D1657 – 12 (2017). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D1657-22. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
© Jointly copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1657 − 12 (Reapproved 2017) D1657 − 22
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 9.2
Standard Test Method for
Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by
1
Pressure Hydrometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1657; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of light hydrocarbons including liquefied petroleum
gases (LPG) having Reid vapor pressures exceeding 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi).
1.2 The prescribed apparatus should not be used for materials having vapor pressures higher than 1.4 MPa (200 psi) at the test
temperature. This pressure limit is dictated by the type of equipment. Higher pressures can apply to other equipment designs.
1.3 The initial pressure hydrometer readings obtained are uncorrected hydrometer readings and not density measurements.
Readings are measured on a hydrometer at either the reference temperature or at another convenient temperature, and readings are
corrected for the meniscus effect, the thermal glass expansion effect, alternate calibration temperature effects and to the reference
temperature by means of calculations and Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1)
or API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA TP-27), as applicable.
1.4 Values determined as density or relative density can be converted to equivalent values in the other units or alternative reference
temperatures by means of Interconversion Procedures API MPMS Chapter 11.5, or Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum
Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1) or API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4 (GPA TP-27), as applicable.
1.5 The calculations required in Section 11 shall be applied to the initial pressure hydrometer reading with observations and results
reported as required by Section 11 prior to use in a subsequent calculation procedure (measurement ticket calculation, meter factor
calculation, or base prover volume determination).
1.6 Annex A1 contains a procedure for verifying or certifying the equipment for this test method.
1.7 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. US Customary values shown in adjacent parentheses are for
information only and may not be exactly equivalent. Both SI and customary units have been rounded so that they may not be
exactly equivalent.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and the API Committee on Petroleum
Measurement, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02 /COMQ, the joint ASTM-API Committee on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint
ASTM-API). This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established procedures.
Current edition approved July 15, 2017July 1, 2022. Published July 2017July 2022. Originally approved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 20122017 as
D1657 – 12.D1657 – 12 (2017). DOI: 10.1520/D1657-12R17.10.1520/D1657-22.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
© Jointly copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA and the American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L Street NW, Washington DC 20005, USA
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1657 − 22
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1250 Guide for the Use of the Joint API and ASTM Adjunct for Temperature and Pressure Volume Correction Factors for
Generalized Crude Oils, Refined Products, and Lubricating Oils: API MPMS
...

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SCOPE
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1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
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1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units and which are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

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5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
Note 1: Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8 °F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another.  
1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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