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ASTM D1282-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool

Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the average fiber diameter of wool fibers by use of the Port-Ar and the WIRA Fiber Fineness Meter instrument, which operate on the air-flow principle. Other air-flow instruments have not been tested with this method. The method is directly applicable to non-medullated, carded wool and wool top.
1.2 This test method is applicable to grease wool and scoured wool after the samples of such materials have been prepared as directed in Test Method D 2130. Note 1The use of the Micronaire instrument for measuring the fineness of cotton fibers is covered in Test Method D 1448.The assignment of grade for wool and mohair is covered in Specifications D 3991 and D 3992.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2005
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.13 - Wool and Felt
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1282-96(2005) - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D1282-05(2009) - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool (Withdrawn 2018)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4845-10(2018) - Standard Terminology Relating to Wool
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D1577-07(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005

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ASTM D1282-05 - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured WoolASTM D1282-05 - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool
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ASTM D1282-05 - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 1282 – 05
Standard Test Method for
Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber
1
Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Mean Diameter of Wool Fibers in Combed Sliver Using
the Air-Flow Apparatus
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the average
IWTO-28-82(E) Determination By The Airflow Method of
fiber diameter of wool fibers by use of the Port-Ar and the
the Mean Fibre Diameter of Core Samples of Raw Wool
WIRAFiber Fineness Meter instrument, which operate on the
air-flow principle. Other air-flow instruments have not been
3. Terminology
tested with this method. The method is directly applicable to
3.1 For all terminology related to wool and wool felt, refer
non-medullated, carded wool and wool top.
to Terminology D4845.
1.2 This test method is applicable to grease wool and
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
scoured wool after the samples of such materials have been
sliver, specific area, top, and wool.
prepared as directed in Test Method D2130.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-
NOTE 1—The use of the Micronaire instrument for measuring the
nology D123.
fineness of cotton fibers is covered in Test Method D1448.
The assignment of grade for wool and mohair is covered in Specifica-
4. Summary of Test Method
tions D3991 and D3992.
4.1 The resistance to air flow of predetermined mass of
wool compressed to a fixed volume is measured. The instru-
2. Referenced Documents
2
ments approved for use have been calibrated to read average
2.1 ASTM Standards:
diameterinmicrometres.Specimensofwooltopareratedwith
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
a Wool Top Scale and specimens of carded, scoured wool and
D1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-
1
scoured ⁄2-in. (13.0-mm) cores are rated with a Scoured Wool
ages for Determination of Percentage of CleanWool Fiber
Scale. If instruments are properly calibrated, results are inter-
Present
changeable.
D1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton
Fibers
5. Significance and Use
D2130 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other
5.1 Thistestmethodisnotrecommendedfortheacceptance
Animal Fibers by Microprojection
testing of commercial shipments of wool top, card sliver, or
D3991 Specification for Fineness of Wool or Mohair and
scouredwoolsincetherefereemethod,TestMethodD2130,is
Assignment of Grade
recommended for that purpose. Although this test method is
D3992 Specification for Fineness of Wool Top or Mohair
not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful for fast
Top and Assignment of Grade
quality control checks.
D4845 Terminology for Wool
5.1.1 .If there are differences of practical significance be-
2.2 Other Standard:
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
IWTO-6-92(E) MethodofTestfortheDeterminationofThe
comparativetestshouldbeperformedtodetermineifthereisa
statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assis-
tance.As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.
lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results
Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originally
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1282–96 (2005).
during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
involved should be compared using a statistical test for
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1282–05
1) Balance Adjustment Knob 8) Porosity Calibration Control
2) Balance Pan 9) Compression Lever
3) Air Reservoir 10) Calibrator Plug Plunger
4) Meter Zero Adjustment Screw 11) Porosity Calibrator Plug
5) Porosity Test Chamber Lid 12) Calibration Weight
6) Differential Pressure Gage 13) Weighing Balance Mechanism
7) Porosity Zero Control 14) Atomizer Bulb
FIG. 1 Port-Ar Apparatus
series
...

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ASTM D2462-22(Test Method)
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5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
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1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.  
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard.  
Note 1: The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2525-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture

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5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
5.2 This recommended practice requires that a deliberate act of randomization be performed so that all potential sampling units have approximately the same chance of being taken and no sampling unit is deprived of its chance of being taken.  
5.3 In any case where insufficient information about the variability of the sampling units within the lot is available, directions are given for calculating confidence limits for the sample mean so that a correct probability statement can still be made.
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ASTM D2130-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing procedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test Method D2968.  
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel's hair, etc. (Note 1) in their various forms.  
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5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the oven-drying technique.  
1.2 Formulas for calculating the moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (oven-dried basis) are given. It is always important to use the correct term which corresponds to the basis used in the calculation (see 12.2.1).  
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ASTM D1574-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool and Other Animal Fibers

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5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
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5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.  
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ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
Note 1: For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
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5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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