ASTM E1894-13a
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed X-Ray Sources
Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed X-Ray Sources
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Flash X-ray facilities provide intense bremsstrahlung radiation environments, usually in a single sub-microsecond pulse, which often fluctuates in amplitude, shape, and spectrum from shot to shot. Therefore, appropriate dosimetry must be fielded on every exposure to characterize the environment, see ICRU Report 34. These intense bremsstrahlung sources have a variety of applications which include the following:
4.1.1 Generation of X-ray and gamma-ray environments similar to that from a nuclear weapon burst.
4.1.2 Studies of the effects of X-rays and gamma rays on materials.
4.1.3 Studies of the effects of radiation on electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, and capacitors.
4.1.4 Vulnerability and survivability testing of military systems and components.
4.1.5 Computer code validation studies.
4.2 This guide is written to assist the experimenter in selecting the needed dosimetry systems (not all radiation parameters must be measured in a given experiment) for use at pulsed X-ray facilities. This guide also provides a brief summary of the information on how to use each of the dosimetry systems. Other guides (see Section 2) provide more detailed information on selected dosimetry systems in radiation environments and should be consulted after an initial decision is made on the appropriate dosimetry system to use. There are many key parameters which describe a flash X-ray source, such as dose, dose rate, spectrum, pulse width, etc., such that typically no single dosimetry system can measure all the parameters simultaneously.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides assistance in selecting and using dosimetry systems in flash X-ray experiments. Both dose and dose-rate techniques are described.
1.2 Operating characteristics of flash X-ray sources are given, with emphasis on the spectrum of the photon output.
1.3 Assistance is provided to relate the measured dose to the response of a device under test (DUT). The device is assumed to be a semiconductor electronic part or system.
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Designation: E1894 − 13a
Standard Guide for
Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed
1
X-Ray Sources
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU)
4
and Measurements Reports:
1.1 This guide provides assistance in selecting and using
ICRU Report 14Radiation Dosimetry: X rays and Gamma
dosimetry systems in flash X-ray experiments. Both dose and
RayswithMaximumPhotonEnergiesBetween0.6and50
dose-rate techniques are described.
MeV
1.2 Operating characteristics of flash X-ray sources are
ICRU Report 17Radiation Dosimetry: X rays Generated at
given, with emphasis on the spectrum of the photon output.
Potentials of 5 to 150 kV
ICRU Report 34The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation
1.3 Assistanceisprovidedtorelatethemeasureddosetothe
response of a device under test (DUT). The device is assumed ICRU Report 51Quantities and Units in Radiation Protec-
tion Dosimetry
to be a semiconductor electronic part or system.
ICRU Report 60Fundamental Quantities and Units for
2. Referenced Documents
Ionizing Radiation
2
ICRU Report 76Measurement QualityAssurance for Ioniz-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing Radiation Dosimetry
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
ICRU Report 77Elastic Scattering of Electrons and Posi-
Dosimetry
trons
E666Practice for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose From Gamma
ICRU Report 80Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
or X Radiation
Processing
E668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
ICRU Report 85aFundamental Quantities and Units for
Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed
Ionizing Radiation
DoseinRadiation-HardnessTestingofElectronicDevices
E1249Practice for Minimizing Dosimetry Errors in Radia-
3. Terminology
tionHardnessTestingofSiliconElectronicDevicesUsing
Co-60 Sources
3.1 absorbed dose—quotientof dε¯/dm,where dε¯ isthemean
3
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of mass dm:
ISO/ASTM 51261Practice for Calibration of Routine Do-
dε¯
simetry Systems for Radiation Processing
D 5 (1)
dm
ISO/ASTM 51275Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film
Dosimetry System See ICRU Report 85a. The special name for the unit for
absorbed dose is the gray (Gy).
ISO/ASTM 51310Practice for Use of a Radiochromic
Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System
1Gy 51J/kg (2)
Formerly, the special unit for absorbed dose was the rad,
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear
where 1 rad = 100 erg/g.
Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E10.07 on Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices. 1 rad 5 0.01Gy (3)
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
Since the absorbed dose due to a given radiation field is
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1894–13. DOI:
10.1520/E1894-13A.
material dependent, it is important to include the material
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
composition for which the dose is being reported, e.g., 15.3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Gy(LiF).
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
For referenced ISO/ASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org,
orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and
the ASTM website. Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1894 − 13a
3.2 absorbed dose enhancement—increase (or decrease) in from shot to shot. Therefore, appropriate dosimetry must be
the absorbed dose (as compared to the equilibrium absorbed fielded on every exposure to characterize the environment, see
dose) at a point in a material of interest. This can be expected ICRU Report 34.These intense bremsstrahlung sources have a
to occur near an interface with a material of higher or lower variety of applications which include the following:
atomic number.
4.1.1 Generation of X-ray and gamma-ray environments
similar to that from a nuclear weapon burst.
3.3 converter—a target for electron beams, generally of a
4.1.2 Studies of the effects of X-rays and gamma rays on
high atom
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1894 − 13 E1894 − 13a
Standard Guide for
Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed
1
X-Ray Sources
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides assistance in selecting and using dosimetry systems in flash X-ray experiments. Both dose and dose-rate
techniques are described.
1.2 Operating characteristics of flash X-ray sources are given, with emphasis on the spectrum of the photon output.
1.3 Assistance is provided to relate the measured dose to the response of a device under test (DUT). The device is assumed to
be a semiconductor electronic part or system.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
E666 Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose From Gamma or X Radiation
E668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose in
Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices
E1249 Practice for Minimizing Dosimetry Errors in Radiation Hardness Testing of Silicon Electronic Devices Using Co-60
Sources
ISO/ASTM 51261 Guide for Selection and Calibration of Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing
ISO/ASTM 51275 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry system
ISO/ASTM 51310 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry system
3
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
ISO/ASTM 51261 Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing
ISO/ASTM 51275 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry System
ISO/ASTM 51310 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System
4
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU) and Measurements Reports:
ICRU Report 14 Radiation Dosimetry: X rays and Gamma Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 50 MeV
ICRU Report 17 Radiation Dosimetry: X rays Generated at Potentials of 5 to 150 kV
ICRU Report 3334 Radiation Quantities and UnitsThe Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation
ICRU Report 51 Quantities and Units in Radiation Protection Dosimetry
ICRU Report 3460 The Dosimetry of Pulsed Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation
ICRU Report 76 Measurement Quality Assurance for Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry
ICRU Report 77 Elastic Scattering of Electrons and Positrons
ICRU Report 80 Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Processing
ICRU Report 85a Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.07 on
Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013Aug. 1, 2013. Published July 2013September 2013. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 as
E1894 – 08.E1894 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E1894-13.10.1520/E1894-13A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
For referenced ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1894 − 13a
3. Terminology
3.1 absorbed dose—quotient of ddε¯/dm,e¯/dm, where ddε¯e¯ is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of
mass dm:
d
D 5 e¯ (1)
dm
dε¯
D 5 (1)
dm
See ICRU Report 33.85a. The special name for the unit for absorbed dose is the gray (Gy).
1 Gy 5 1J/kg (2)
Formerly, the special unit for absorbed dose was the rad, where 1 rad = 100 erg/g.
1 rad 5 0.01 Gy (3)
Since the absorbed dose due to a given radiation field is material dependent, it is important to include the material composition
for which the dose is being rep
...
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