ASTM E1820-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Assuming the presence of a preexisting, sharp, fatigue crack, the material fracture toughness values identified by this test method characterize its resistance to: (1) fracture of a stationary crack, (2) fracture after some stable tearing, (3) stable tearing onset, and (4) sustained stable tearing. This test method is particularly useful when the material response cannot be anticipated before the test. Application of procedures in Test Method E1921 is recommended for testing ferritic steels that undergo cleavage fracture in the ductile-to-brittle transition.
These fracture toughness values may serve as a basis for material comparison, selection, and quality assurance. Fracture toughness can be used to rank materials within a similar yield strength range.
These fracture toughness values may serve as a basis for structural flaw tolerance assessment. Awareness of differences that may exist between laboratory test and field conditions is required to make proper flaw tolerance assessment.
The following cautionary statements are based on some observations.
Particular care must be exercised in applying to structural flaw tolerance assessment the fracture toughness value associated with fracture after some stable tearing has occurred. This response is characteristic of ferritic steel in the transition regime. This response is especially sensitive to material inhomogeneity and to constraint variations that may be induced by planar geometry, thickness differences, mode of loading, and structural details.
The J-R curve from bend-type specimens recommended by this test method (SE(B), C(T), and DC(T)) has been observed to be conservative with respect to results from tensile loading configurations.
The values of δc, δu, Jc, and Ju may be affected by specimen dimensions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures and guidelines for the determination of fracture toughness of metallic materials using the following parameters: K, J, and CTOD (δ). Toughness can be measured in the R-curve format or as a point value. The fracture toughness determined in accordance with this test method is for the opening mode (Mode I) of loading.
1.2 The recommended specimens are single-edge bend, [SE(B)], compact, [C(T)], and disk-shaped compact, [DC(T)]. All specimens contain notches that are sharpened with fatigue cracks.
1.2.1 Specimen dimensional (size) requirements vary according to the fracture toughness analysis applied. The guidelines are established through consideration of material toughness, material flow strength, and the individual qualification requirements of the toughness value per values sought.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Other standard methods for the determination of fracture toughness using the parameters K, J, and CTOD are contained in Test Methods E399, E1290, and E1921. This test method was developed to provide a common method for determining all applicable toughness parameters from a single test.
A14.1.1 This annex covers the determination of the rate dependent JIc(t) and the J-integral versus crack growth resistance curve (J-R(t) curve) for metallic materials under conditions where the loading rate exceeds that allowed for conventional (static) testing, see Section 8.4.2.
A15.1.1 The normalization technique can be used in some cases to obtain a J-R curve directly from a force displacement record taken together with initial and final crack size measurements taken from the specimen fracture surface. Additional restrictions are applied (see A15.3) which limit the applicability of t...
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Designation: E1820 − 11
StandardTest Method for
1
Measurement of Fracture Toughness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1820; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers procedures and guidelines for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
the determination of fracture toughness of metallic materials E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
using the following parameters: K, J, and CTOD (δ). Tough- E8/E8MTest Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
nesscanbemeasuredintheR-curveformatorasapointvalue. terials
The fracture toughness determined in accordance with this test E21TestMethodsforElevatedTemperatureTensionTestsof
method is for the opening mode (Mode I) of loading. Metallic Materials
E23Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-
1.2 The recommended specimens are single-edge bend,
tallic Materials
[SE(B)], compact, [C(T)], and disk-shaped compact, [DC(T)].
E399Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture
All specimens contain notches that are sharpened with fatigue
Toughness K of Metallic Materials
Ic
cracks.
E1290Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement
1.2.1 Specimen dimensional (size) requirements vary ac-
(CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement
cording to the fracture toughness analysis applied. The guide-
E1823TerminologyRelatingtoFatigueandFractureTesting
lines are established through consideration of material
E1921 Test Method for Determination of Reference
toughness, material flow strength, and the individual qualifi-
Temperature, T , for Ferritic Steels in the Transition
o
cation requirements of the toughness value per values sought.
Range
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
E1942Guide for Evaluating DataAcquisition Systems Used
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
in Cyclic Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Testing
only.
E2298Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the Metallic Materials
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1 Terminology E1823 is applicable to this test method.
Only items that are exclusive to Test Method E1820, or that
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
have specific discussion items associated, are listed in this
NOTE 1—Other standard methods for the determination of fracture
section.
toughness using the parameters K, J, and CTOD are contained in Test
Methods E399, E1290, and E1921. This test method was developed to
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
provide a common method for determining all applicable toughness −1
3.2.1 compliance [LF ], n—the ratio of displacement in-
parameters from a single test.
crement to force increment.
3.2.2 crack displacement [L], n—the separation vector be-
tween two points (on the surfaces of a deformed crack) that
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue
and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on Fracture
2
Mechanics. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ϵ1
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1820–09 . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1820-11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1820 − 11
were coincident on the surfaces of an ideal crack in the corresponds to the force P and clip-gage displacement v (see
c c
undeformed condition. Fig. 1). It may be size-dependent and a function of test
3.2.2.1 Discussion—In this practice, displacement, v, is the
specimen geometry.
total displacement measured by clip gages or other devices
3.2.6.4 Discussion—In CTOD testing, δ [L] is the value of
u
spanning the crack faces.
CTOD at the onset of unstable crack extension (see 3.2.39)or
3.2.3 crack extension, ∆a [L], n—an increase in crack size.
pop-in (see 3.2.25) when the event is preceded by ∆a >0.2
p
−1 −2
3.2.4 crack-extension force, G [FL or FLL ], n—the mm(0.008in.)+0.7δ .The δ correspondstotheforce P and
u u u
elastic energy per unit of new separation area that is made the clip g
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E1820–09 Designation: E1820 – 11
Standard Test Method for
1
Measurement of Fracture Toughness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1820; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Sections A2.4.2, A2.4.2.2, and A3.5.2.2 were editorially corrected in July 2010.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers procedures and guidelines for the determination of fracture toughness of metallic materials using
the following parameters: K, J, and CTOD (d).Toughness can be measured in the R-curve format or as a point value.The fracture
toughness determined in accordance with this test method is for the opening mode (Mode I) of loading.
1.2 The recommended specimens are single-edge bend, [SE(B)], compact, [C(T)], and disk-shaped compact, [DC(T)]. All
specimens contain notches that are sharpened with fatigue cracks.
1.2.1 Specimen dimensional (size) requirements vary according to the fracture toughness analysis applied. The guidelines are
established through consideration of material toughness, material flow strength, and the individual qualification requirements of
the toughness value per values sought.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Other standard methods for the determination of fracture toughness using the parameters K, J, and CTOD are contained in Test Methods
E399, E813, E1152, E1290, and E1737, and E1921. This test method was developed to provide a common method for determining all applicable
toughness parameters from a single test.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E88/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness K of Metallic Materials E813Test Method for JIc, A
Ic
Measure of Fracture
Toughness
E1152Test Method for Determining-J-R-Curves
E1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement E1737Test Method for
J-Integral Character-
ization of Fracture
Toughness (Discon-
tinued 1998)
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
E1921 Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, T , for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range
o
E1942 Guide for Evaluating Data Acquisition Systems Used in Cyclic Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Testing Guide for
Evaluating Data Acquisition Systems Used in Cyclic Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Testing
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on Fracture
Mechanics.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1820–08a.DOI:
10.1520/E1820-09.
´1
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1820–09 . DOI:
10.1520/E1820-11.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1820 – 11
E2298 Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Terminology E1823 is applicable to this test method.
3.2Definitions: is applicable to this test method. Only items that are exclusive to Test Method E1820, or that have specific
discussion items associated, are listed in this section.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
−1
3.2.1 compliance [LF ], n—the ratio of displacement increment to f
...
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