ASTM E837-08

Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Summary:
Residual stresses are present in almost all materials. They may be created during the manufacture or during the life of the material. If not recognized and accounted for in the design process, residual stresses can be a major factor in the failure of a material, particularly one subjected to alternating service loads or corrosive environments. Residual stress may also be beneficial, for example, the compressive stresses produced by shot peening. The hole-drilling strain-gage technique is a practical method for determining residual stresses.
SCOPE
1.1 Residual Stress Determination:
1.1.1 This test method specifies a hole-drilling procedure for determining residual stress profiles near the surface of an isotropic linearly elastic material. The test method is applicable to residual stress profile determinations where in-plane stress gradients are small. The stresses may remain approximately constant with depth (“uniform” stresses) or they may vary significantly with depth (“non-uniform” stresses). The measured workpiece may be “thin” with thickness much less than the diameter of the drilled hole or “thick” with thickness much greater than the diameter of the drilled hole. Only uniform stress measurements are specified for thin workpieces, while both uniform and non-uniform stress measurements are specified for thick workpieces.
1.2 Stress Measurement Range:  
1.2.1 The hole-drilling method can identify in-plane residual stresses near the measured surface of the workpiece material. The method gives localized measurements that indicate the residual stresses within the boundaries of the drilled hole.
1.2.2 This test method applies in cases where material behavior is linear-elastic. In theory, it is possible for local yielding to occur due to the stress concentration around the drilled hole, for isotropic (equi-biaxial) residual stresses exceeding 50 % of the yield stress, or for shear stresses in any direction exceeding 25 % of the yield stress. However, in practice it is found that satisfactory results can be achieved providing the residual stresses do not exceed about 60 % of the material yield stress.
1.3 Workpiece Damage:  
1.3.1 The hole-drilling method is often described as “semi-destructive” because the damage that it causes is localized and often does not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece. In contrast, most other mechanical methods for measuring residual stresses substantially destroy the workpiece. Since hole drilling does cause some damage, this test method should be applied only in those cases either where the workpiece is expendable, or where the introduction of a small shallow hole will not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2008
• ICS: 77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing
• Drafting Committee: E28.13 - Residual Stress Measurement

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E837-01e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2008
• Referred By: ASTM G58-85(2015) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens for Weldments
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2008
• Referred By: ASTM E1561-20 - Standard Practice for Analysis of Strain Gage Rosette Data
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2008
• Referred By: ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 837 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-
1
Gage Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 837; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The hole-drilling strain-gage method determines residual stresses near the surface of an isotropic
linear-elastic material. It involves attaching a strain rosette to the surface, drilling a hole at the
geometric center of the rosette, and measuring the resulting relieved strains. The residual stresses
withintheremovedmaterialarethendeterminedfromthemeasuredstrainsusingaseriesofequations.
1. Scope 1.3 Workpiece Damage:
1.3.1 The hole-drilling method is often described as “semi-
1.1 Residual Stress Determination:
destructive” because the damage that it causes is localized and
1.1.1 This test method specifies a hole-drilling procedure
often does not significantly affect the usefulness of the work-
for determining residual stress profiles near the surface of an
piece. In contrast, most other mechanical methods for measur-
isotropiclinearlyelasticmaterial.Thetestmethodisapplicable
ing residual stresses substantially destroy the workpiece. Since
to residual stress profile determinations where in-plane stress
hole drilling does cause some damage, this test method should
gradients are small. The stresses may remain approximately
be applied only in those cases either where the workpiece is
constant with depth (“uniform” stresses) or they may vary
expendable, or where the introduction of a small shallow hole
significantly with depth (“non-uniform” stresses). The mea-
will not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece.
sured workpiece may be “thin” with thickness much less than
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the diameter of the drilled hole or “thick” with thickness much
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
greater than the diameter of the drilled hole. Only uniform
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
stress measurements are specified for thin workpieces, while
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
both uniform and non-uniform stress measurements are speci-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
fied for thick workpieces.
1.2 Stress Measurement Range:
2. Referenced Documents
1.2.1 The hole-drilling method can identify in-plane re-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sidual stresses near the measured surface of the workpiece
E 251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of
material. The method gives localized measurements that indi-
Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
cate the residual stresses within the boundaries of the drilled
hole.
3. Terminology
1.2.2 This test method applies in cases where material
3.1 Symbols:
behavior is linear-elastic. In theory, it is possible for local
yielding to occur due to the stress concentration around the
drilled hole, for isotropic (equi-biaxial) residual stresses ex-
–
= calibration constant for isotropic stresses
a
ceeding 50 % of the yield stress, or for shear stresses in any
–
= calibration constant for shear stresses
b
direction exceeding 25 % of the yield stress. However, in
–
= calibration matrix for isotropic stresses
practice it is found that satisfactory results can be achieved
a
jk
–
providing the residual stresses do not exceed about 60 % of the = calibration matrix for shear stresses
b
jk
material yield stress.
D = diameter of the gage circle, see Table 1.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
2
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Residual Stress Measurement. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
´1
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 837 – 01 . the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E837–08
D = diameter of the drilled hole
0
E = Young’s modulus
j = number of hole depth steps so far
k = sequence number for hole depth steps
P = uniform isotropic (equi-biaxial) stress
P = isotropic stress within hole depth step k
k
p = uniform isotropic (equi-biaxial) strain
p = isotropic strain after hole depth step k
k
Q = unifor
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
e1
Designation:E837–01 Designation: E 837 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-
1
Gage Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E837; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE— Equations 17 and 18, Sections 9.2.2, 9.2.3, 11.2.5 , 11.2.6 and Table 2 were editorially upated in January 2002.
INTRODUCTION
The hole-drilling strain-gage method measures residual stresses near the surface of a material. The
method involves attaching strain gages to the surface, drilling a hole in the vicinity of the gages, and
measuring the relieved strains. The measured strains are then related to relieved principal stresses
through a series of equations.
The hole-drilling strain-gage method determines residual stresses near the surface of an isotropic
linear-elastic material. It involves attaching a strain rosette to the surface, drilling a hole at the
geometric center of the rosette, and measuring the resulting relieved strains. The residual stresses
withintheremovedmaterialarethendeterminedfromthemeasuredstrainsusingaseriesofequations.
1. Scope
1.1Thistestmethodcoverstheprocedurefordeterminingresidualstressesnearthesurfaceofisotropiclinearly-elasticmaterials.
Although the concept is quite general, the test method described here is applicable in those cases where the stresses do not vary
significantly with depth and do not exceed one half of the yield strength.The test method is often described as “semi-destructive”
because the damage that it causes is very localized and in many cases does not significantly affect the usefulness of the specimen.
Incontrast,mostothermechanicalmethodsformeasuringresidualstresssubstantiallydestroythespecimen.Sincethetestmethod
describedheredoescausesomedamage,itshouldbeappliedonlyinthosecaseseitherwherethespecimenisexpendableorwhere
the introduction of a small shallow hole will not significantly affect the usefulness of the specimen.
1.1 Residual Stress Determination :
1.1.1 Thistestmethodspecifiesahole-drillingprocedurefordeterminingresidualstressprofilesnearthesurfaceofanisotropic
linearly elastic material. The test method is applicable to residual stress profile determinations where in-plane stress gradients are
small. The stresses may remain approximately constant with depth (“uniform” stresses) or they may vary significantly with depth
(“non-uniform” stresses). The measured workpiece may be “thin” with thickness much less than the diameter of the drilled hole
or “thick” with thickness much greater than the diameter of the drilled hole. Only uniform stress measurements are specified for
thin workpieces, while both uniform and non-uniform stress measurements are specified for thick workpieces.
1.2 Stress Measurement Range:
1.2.1 The hole-drilling method can identify in-plane residual stresses near the measured surface of the workpiece material.The
method gives localized measurements that indicate the residual stresses within the boundaries of the drilled hole.
1.2.2 This test method applies in cases where material behavior is linear-elastic. In theory, it is possible for local yielding to
occur due to the stress concentration around the drilled hole, for isotropic (equi-biaxial) residual stresses exceeding 50% of the
yield stress, or for shear stresses in any direction exceeding 25% of the yield stress. However, in practice it is found that
satisfactory results can be achieved providing the residual stresses do not exceed about 60% of the material yield stress.
1.3 Workpiece Damage:
1.3.1 Thehole-drillingmethodisoftendescribedas“semi-destructive”becausethedamagethatitcausesislocalizedandoften
does not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece. In contrast, most other mechanical methods for measuring residual
stresses substantially destroy the workpiece. Since hole drilling does cause some damage, this test method should be applied only
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on Residual Stress
Measurement.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2001. Published November 2001. Originally published as E837–81. Last previous edition E837–99.
e1
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally approved in 1981. Last pre
...